Prenatal and Postnatal Care

Karen Trister Grace, CNM, PhD, FACNM, is Assistant Professor at the School of Nursing, George Mason University, Virginia, USA. She has over twenty years’ experience as a midwife, and her research focuses on pregnancy intention and reproductive coercion. Cindy L. Farley, CNM, PhD, FACNM, is a Professor of Nurse-Midwifery at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. She also serves on the board of the Cincinnati Birth Center and as a legal expert on cases involving midwifery regulation and clinical care. Her research focuses on midwifery student confidence for supporting physiologic birth. Noelene K. Jeffers, CNM, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Maryland, USA. She has been a practicing nurse-midwife for over a decade, and her research focuses on the structural and social determinants of Black perinatal health. She also serves on the board of directors of the National Association to Advance Black Birth. Tanya Tringali, CNM, MS, earned a BSN from New York University in 2003 and her MS in Midwifery from Philadelphia University in 2007 where she joined the faculty a year later. Currently, she serves as adjunct faculty at NYU and Georgetown University. She practiced full scope midwifery in and around New York City until 2018 when she created Mother Wit Maternity & Consulting Services providing virtual midwifery care and wellness options to people navigating the perinatal period. She is a National Academy of Sports Medicine certified personal trainer, CrossFit Level 1, and Pregnancy & Postpartum Athleticism Coach, working diligently to provide clients and clinicians with the information, evidence and tools needed to help people stay active during throughout the perinatal period.

• About the Editors ixContributors xPreface xivAbout the Companion Website xviiPart I Foundational Approaches to Prenatal and Postnatal Care 11 Health Equity 3Noelene K. Jeffers and Karen Trister Grace2 Ethics in Perinatal Care 22Mary Broderick Donnelly3 Reproductive Tract Structure and Function 29LuVerda Sayles Martin4 Conception, Implantation, and Embryonic and Fetal Development 42LuVerda Sayles Martin5 Physiologic Alterations during Pregnancy 55Ella T. Heitzler6 Physiologic Alterations during the Postnatal Period 69Cindy L. Farley and Tanya TringaliPart II Preconception, Prenatal Care, and Postnatal Care 777 Preconception and Interconception Care 79Cynthia Nypaver8 Prenatal Care: Goals, Structure, and Components 101Emma Clark9 Nutrition during Pregnancy 122Rhea Williams10 Pregnancy Diagnosis and Gestational Age Assessment 147Joyce D. Cappiello and Janet L. Engstrom11 Risk Assessment during Pregnancy 171Robin G. Jordan12 Prenatal Ultrasound 183Jenna Shaw-Battista13 Genetic Counseling, Screening, and Diagnosis 197Aishwarya Arjunan and Susan Hancock14 Assessment of Fetal Well-Being 215Jenifer Fahey15 Common Discomforts of Pregnancy 233Robin G. Jordan and Anne Z. Cockerham16 Oral Health 263Julia Lange-Kessler17 Medication Use during Pregnancy 270Katie McDevitt18 Substance Use during Pregnancy 289Signy Toquinto19 Culture and Community 321Cindy L. Farley and Raven Fulton20 Physical Activity and Exercise in the Perinatal Period 329Meghan Garland and Tanya Tringali21 Sexuality 346Jenna Benyounes and Tanya Tringali22 Occupational and Environmental Health in Pregnancy 355Katie Huffling23 Psychosocial Adaptations in Pregnancy 373Cindy L. Farley24 Health Education during Pregnancy 390Kathlyn Albert, Lisa Hanson, and Emily Malloy25 Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Care of LGBTQ+ Individuals 403Signey Olson and Katie DePalma26 Violence and Trauma in the Perinatal Period 418Karen Trister Grace27 Planning for Physiologic Birth 427Carrie E. Neerland and Melissa D. Avery28 Triage during Pregnancy 435Catherine Ruhl29 Assessment and Care at the Onset of Labor 443Amy Marowitz30 Components of Postnatal Care 450Tia P. Andrighetti and Judith M. Butler31 Lactation and Breastfeeding 470Marsha Walker32 Contraception in the Postnatal Period 499Katie DailyPart III Complex Prenatal and Postnatal Conditions 51733 Bleeding during Pregnancy 519Sascha James-Conterelli34 Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Growth Disorders 535Victoria H. Burslem and Cindy L. Farley35 Spontaneous Preterm Birth 550Esther Ellsworth Bowers36 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy 564Melissa Kitzman37 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 579Kimberly K. Trout38 Multifetal Gestation 592Heather M. Bradford39 Postterm Pregnancy 600Heather M. Bradford40 Hyperemesis Gravidarum 606Ella T. Heitzler and Jennifer Wolfe41 Abdominal Pain 611Karen Trister Grace42 Pregnancy after Infertility 616Melicia Escobar and Ebony Marcelle43 Common Complications during the Postnatal Period 626Deborah Brandt Karsnitz and Linda McDaniel44 Common Lactation and Breastfeeding Problems 645Marsha Walker45 Perinatal Loss and Grief 668Robin G. Jordan and Holly White46 Obesity in the Perinatal Period 679Cecilia M. Jevitt47 Mood and Anxiety Disorders 691Latrice Martin48 Hematologic and Thromboembolic Disorders 703Katie Daily49 Respiratory Disorders 723Lisa Hachey and Cynthia Nypaver50 Urinary Tract Disorders 733Rhonda Arthur and Nancy Pesta Walsh51 Gastrointestinal Disorders 741Debora M. Dole52 Endocrine Disorders 747Elizabeth Gabzdyl53 Neurological Disorders 757Lise Hauser54 Dermatologic Disorders 767Nell L. Tharpe55 Infectious Diseases 780Lisa Noguchi56 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Vaginitis 804Gina M. FullbrightIndex 819