Power Electronics for Green Energy Conversion

Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar, PhD, is with the Renewable Energy Lab, in the Department of Communications and Networks Engineering at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After receiving his PhD in electrical and electronic engineering from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa in 2019, he was a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He has several years of research experience from several universities, and he has authored over 100 scientific papers in the area of DC/AC power, receiving several awards, as well. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and is a reviewer for several technical journals and conferences, including IEEE and IET. Nikita Gupta, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh University, India. She received her BTech degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India in 2011 and MTech degree in power systems from Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India in 2014. She earned her PhD from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India, in 2018. Her research interests include power system analysis, power quality, power electronics applications in renewable energy, and microgrids. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark and works with CTIF Global Capsule (CGC), Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching. Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen currently works at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University and is head of the Esbjerg Energy Section. He helped establish the Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering in 2009 and served as the head of the research group. He has served as technical advisor for many companies in this industry, and he has executed many large-scale European Union and United Nation projects. He has authored more than 300 scientific papers and has participated in over 500 various international conferences. Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD, is at Renewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia and has over 15 years of teaching, research and industrial R&D experience. He has published more than 250 research papers in scientific and technical refereed journals and conferences. He has also authored, co-authored, or contributed to 12 books, including books for Scrivener Publishing. He is an editor of a highly-respected technical journal, and he has won several awards in the field.

• Preface xvii1 Green Energy Technology-Based Energy-Efficient Appliances for Buildings 1Avanish Gautam Singh, Rahul Rajeevkumar Urs, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Prabhakar TiwariNomenclature 2Variables 21.1 Balance of System Appliances Needed for Green Energy Systems 31.1.1 Grid Interactive Inverters for Buildings with AC Wiring 41.1.2 Grid Interactive Inverter with No Battery Backup 41.1.3 Main Grid-Interactive Inverter (Hybrid Inverter) 61.1.4 DC-DC Converter for DC Building 61.1.5 Bidirectional Inverter 101.1.6 Battery Bank 111.2 Major Green Energy Home Appliances 131.2.1 dc Air Conditioners 141.2.2 dc Lighting 151.2.3 dc Refrigeration 151.2.4 Emerging Products for Grid Connected Homes and Businesses 171.2.5 Electrical Vehicle 171.3 Energy Savings Through Green Appliances 181.3.1 Appliance Scheduling 201.3.2 A Case Study of a Mid-Ranged Home with Green Home Appliances Versus Conventional Home Appliances: A Comparison of 1 Day Consumption 231.4 Conclusion 26References 272 Integrated Electric Power Systems and Their Power Quality Issues 29Akhil Gupta, Kamal Kant Sharma and Gagandeep Kaur2.1 Introduction 302.2 Designing of a Hybrid Energy System 322.3 Classification of Hybrid Energy Systems 342.3.1 Hybrid Wind-Solar System 342.3.2 Hybrid Diesel-Wind System 352.3.3 Hybrid Wind-Hydro Power System 362.3.4 Hybrid Fuel Cell-Solar System 372.3.5 Hybrid Solar Thermal System 372.4 Power Quality Implications 382.4.1 Interruption 392.4.2 Undervoltage or Brownout 402.4.3 Voltage Sag or Dip 412.4.4 Noise 422.4.5 Frequency 432.4.6 Harmonic 432.4.7 Notching 442.4.8 Short-Circuit 452.4.9 Swell 452.4.10 Transient or Surges 452.5 Conclusion 62References 633 Renewable Energy in India and World for Sustainable Development 67Kuldeep Jayaswal, D. K. Palwalia and Aditya Sharma3.1 Introduction 673.2 The Energy Framework 683.3 Status of Solar PV Energy 733.4 Boons of Renewable Energy 753.5 Energy Statistics 763.5.1 Coal 763.5.2 Natural Gas 783.5.3 Biofuels 783.5.4 Electricity 803.6 Renewable Energy Resources 823.7 Conclusion 85Abbreviations 86References 864 Power Electronics: Technology for Wind Turbines 91K.T. Maheswari, P. Prem and Jagabar Sathik4.1 Introduction 924.1.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation 934.1.1.1 India-Wind Potential 944.1.2 Advancement of Wind Power Technologies 954.1.3 Power Electronics Technologies for Wind Turbines 964.2 Power Converter Topologies for Wind Turbines 984.2.1 Matrix Converter 994.2.2 Z Source Matrix Converter 1004.3 Quasi Z Source Direct Matrix Converter 1044.3.1 Principle of Operation 1044.3.2 Modulation Strategy 1074.3.2.1 Closed Loop Control of QZSDMC 1074.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 1084.4 Conclusion 111References 1115 Investigation of Current Controllers for Grid Interactive Inverters 115Aditi Chatterjee and Kanungo Barada Mohanty5.1 Introduction 1165.2 Current Control System for Single-Phase Grid Interactive Inverters 1175.2.1 Hysteresis Current Controller 1195.2.2 Proportional Integral Current Control 1215.2.3 Proportional Resonant Current Control 1255.2.4 Dead Beat Current Control 1295.2.5 Model Predictive Current Control 1315.2.5.1 Analysis of Discretized System Model Dynamics 1345.2.5.2 Cost Function Assessment 1355.3 Simulation Results and Analysis 1375.3.1 Results in Steady-State Operating Mode 1385.3.2 Results in Dynamic Operating Mode 1395.3.3 Comparative Assessment of the Current Controllers 1455.3.4 Hardware Implementation 1455.3.4.1 Hardware Components 1475.3.4.2 Digital Implementation 1505.4 Experimental Results 1515.5 Future Scope 1535.6 Conclusion 154References 1556 Multilevel Converter for Static Synchronous Compensators: State-of-the-Art, Applications and Trends 159Dayane do Carmo Mendonça, Renata Oliveira de Sousa, João Victor Matos Farias, Heverton Augusto Pereira, Seleme Isaac Seleme Júnior and Allan Fagner Cupertino6.1 Introduction 1606.2 STATCOM Realization 1646.2.1 Two-Level Converters 1646.2.2 Early Multilevel Converters 1686.2.3 Cascaded Multilevel Converters 1706.2.4 Summary of Topologies 1746.3 STATCOM Control Objectives 1756.3.1 Operating Principle 1756.3.2 Control Objectives 1766.3.3 Modulation Schemes 1796.3.3.1 Nlc 1816.3.3.2 Ps-pwm 1816.4 Benchmarking of Cascaded Topologies 1876.4.1 Design Assumptions 1876.4.1.1 Y-chb 1906.4.1.2 ∆-chb 1916.4.1.3 Hb-mmc 1936.4.1.4 Fb-mmc 1966.4.2 Current Stress in Semiconductor Devices 1986.4.3 Current Stress in Submodule Capacitor 2016.4.4 Comparison of Characteristics 2056.5 STATCOM Trends 2096.5.1 Cost Reduction 2096.5.2 Reliability Requirements 2126.5.3 Modern Grid Codes Requirements 2156.5.4 Energy Storage Systems 2166.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 217References 2187 Topologies and Comparative Analysis of Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverters for Renewable Energy Applications 221Aishwarya V. and Gnana Sheela K.7.1 Introduction 2217.2 Reduced-Switch Multilevel Inverters 2247.3 Comparative Analysis 2517.4 Conclusion 258References 2588 A Novel Step-Up Switched-Capacitor-Based Multilevel Inverter Topology Feasible for Green Energy Harvesting 265Erfan Hallaji and Kazem Varesi8.1 Introduction 2668.2 Proposed Basic Topology 2698.3 Proposed Extended Topology 2708.3.1 First Algorithm (P 1) 2708.3.2 Second Algorithm (P 2) 2718.4 Operational Mode 2728.4.1 Mode A 2758.4.2 Mode B 2758.4.3 Mode c 2758.4.4 Mode d 2768.4.5 Mode E 2768.4.6 Mode F 2778.4.7 Mode G 2778.4.8 Mode H 2778.4.9 Mode I 2788.4.10 Mode J 2788.4.11 Mode K 2798.4.12 Mode l 2798.4.13 mode m 2798.4.14 Mode N 2808.4.15 Mode O 2808.4.16 Mode P 2818.4.17 Mode Q 2818.5 Standing Voltage 2828.5.1 Standing Voltage (SV) for the First Algorithm (P 1) 2838.5.2 Standing Voltage (SV) for the Second Algorithm (P 2) 2838.6 Proposed Cascaded Topology 2838.6.1 First Algorithm (S 1) 2848.6.2 Second Algorithm (S 2) 2848.6.3 Third Algorithm (S 3) 2848.6.4 Fourth Algorithm (S 4) 2858.6.5 Fifth Algorithm (S 5) 2858.6.6 Sixth Algorithm (S 6) 2868.7 Modulation Method 2868.8 Efficiency and Losses Analysis 2878.8.1 Switching Losses 2878.8.2 Conduction Losses 2888.8.3 Ripple Losses 2888.8.4 Efficiency 2888.9 Capacitor Design 2898.10 Comparison Results 2918.11 Simulation Results 2958.12 Conclusion 299References 2999 Classification of Conventional and Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Generation Systems 303Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahcene Boukadoum, Omar Boudebbouz, Nadir Boutasseta, Issam Attoui and Ahmed Bouraiou9.1 Introduction 3049.1.1 Classification of MPPT Techniques 3069.1.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on PV Side Parameters 3079.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on Load Side Parameters 3079.3 Conventional MPPT Algorithms 3089.3.1 Indirect Techniques 3089.3.1.1 MPPT Based on Constant Voltage (CV) 3089.3.1.2 Fractional Voltage (FV) Technique 3099.3.1.3 Fractional Currents (FC) Technique 3109.3.2 Direct Techniques 3109.3.2.1 Hill Climbing (HC) Technique 3119.3.2.2 Perturb & Observe (P&O) Technique 3129.3.2.3 Incremental Conductance (IC) 3139.4 Soft Computing (SC) MPPT Techniques 3149.4.1 MPPT Techniques Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3149.4.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Technique 3149.4.1.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 3169.4.1.3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (anfis) 3169.4.1.4 The Bayesian Network (BN) 3179.4.2 Bioinspired (BI)-Based MPPT Techniques 3179.4.2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 3179.4.2.2 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) 3189.4.2.3 Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) 3229.5 Hybrid MPPT Techniques 3229.5.1 Conventional with Conventional (CV/CV) 3229.5.1.1 Fractional Current (FC) with Incremental Conductance (IC) 3239.5.2 Soft Computing with Soft Computing (SC/SC) 3239.5.2.1 Fuzzy Logic Control with Genetic Algorithm (FLC/GA) 3239.5.3 Conventional with Soft Computing (CV/SC) 3249.5.3.1 Hill Climbing with Fuzzy Logic Control (hc/flc) 3249.5.4 Other Classifications of Hybrid Techniques 3259.6 Discussion 3259.7 Conclusion 327References 32810 A Simulation Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Battery-Operated PV Systems 335Pankaj Sahu and Rajiv Dey10.1 Introduction 33610.2 Background of Conventional MPPT Methods 33910.2.1 Perturb & Observe (P&O) 34010.2.2 Incremental Conductance (IC) 34110.2.3 Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) 34210.2.4 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) 34310.2.5 Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) 34410.3 Simulink Model of PV System with MPPT 34810.4 Results and Discussions 35010.4.1 (a) Simulation Results for P&O Method 35110.4.2 (b) Simulation Results for Incremental Conductance (IC) Method 35610.4.3 (c) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) Method 36110.4.4 (d) Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) Method 36610.4.5 (e) Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) 37110.4.6 (f) Performance Comparison 37610.5 Conclusion 377References 37811 Power Electronics: Technology for Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems 381K. Sateesh Kumar, A. Kirubakaran, N. Subrahmanyam and Umashankar Subramaniam11.1 Introduction 38211.2 Grid-Tied SPVPGS Technology 38311.2.1 Module Inverters 38411.2.2 String Inverters 38511.2.3 Multistring Inverters 38611.2.4 Central Inverters 38611.3 Classification of PV Inverter Configurations 38611.3.1 Single-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration 38711.3.2 Single-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration 38711.3.3 Two-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration 38811.3.4 Two-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration 38911.4 Analysis of Leakage Current in Nonisolated Inverter Topologies 39011.5 Important Standards Dealing with the Grid-Connected Spvpgs 39311.5.1 dc Current Injection and Leakage Current 39311.5.2 Individual Harmonic Distortion and Total Harmonic Distortion 39511.5.3 Voltage and Frequency Requirements 39511.5.4 Reactive Power Capability 39511.5.5 Anti-Islanding Detection 39511.6 Various Topologies of Grid-Tied SPVPGS 39611.6.1 AC Module Topologies 39611.6.2 String Inverter Topologies 39911.6.3 Multistring Inverter Topologies 40511.6.4 Central Inverter Topologies 40711.7 Scope for Future Research 41511.8 Conclusions 415References 41612 Hybrid Solar-Wind System Modeling and Control 419Issam Attoui, Naceredine Labed, Salim Makhloufi, Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahmed Bouraiou, Nadir Boutasseta, Nadir Fergani and Brahim Oudjani12.1 Introduction 42012.2 Description of the Proposed System 42412.3 Model of System 42512.3.1 Model of Wind Turbine 42512.3.2 Dynamic Model of the DFIG 42612.3.3 Mathematic Model of Filter 42812.3.4 Medium-Term Energy Storage 42912.3.5 Short-Term Energy Storage 42912.3.6 Wind Speed Model 43012.3.7 Photovoltaic Array Model 43012.3.8 Boost Converter Model 43212.4 System Control 43312.4.1 Grid Side Converter GSC Control 43412.4.2 Rotor Side Converter RSC Control 43412.4.3 MPPT Control Algorithm for Wind Turbine 43512.4.4 Two-Level Energy Storage System and Control Strategy 43512.4.5 PSO-Based GMPPT for PV System 43512.5 Results and Interpretation 43812.6 Conclusion 445References 44513 Static/Dynamic Economic-Environmental Dispatch Problem Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm 453Larouci Benyekhlef, Benasla Lahouari and Sitayeb Abdelkader13.1 Introduction 45413.2 Problem Formulation 45513.2.1 Static Economic Dispatch 45513.2.2 Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED) 45613.3 Calculation of CO2, Ch4, and N2O Emitted During the Combustion 45713.3.1 Calculation of CO2 45713.3.2 Calculating CH4 and N2O Emissions 45813.4 The Cuckoo Search Algorithms 45913.5 Application 46013.5.1 Case I: The Static Economic Dispatch 46313.5.2 Case II: The Dynamic Economic Dispatch 46513.6 Conclusions 470References 47114 Power Electronics Converters for EVs and Wireless Chargers: An Overview on Existent Technology and Recent Advances 475Sahand Ghaseminejad Liasi, Faezeh Kardan and Mohammad Tavakoli Bina14.1 Introduction 47614.2 Hybrid Power System for EV Technology 47714.3 DC/AC Converters to Drive the EV 47814.4 DC/DC Converters for EVs 47914.4.1 Isolated and Nonisolated DC/DC Converters for EV Application 47914.4.2 Multi-Input DC/DC Converters in Hybrid EVs 48014.5 WBG Devices for EV Technology 48114.6 High-Power and High-Density DC/DC Converters for Hybrid and EV Applications 48314.7 dc Fast Chargers and Challenges 48414.7.1 Fast-Charging Station Architectures 48414.7.2 Impacts of Fast Chargers on Power Grid 48814.7.3 Fast-Charging Stations Connected to MV Grid and Challenges 48914.7.3.1 SST-Based EV Fast-Charging Station 49014.8 Wireless Charging 49114.8.1 Short History of Wireless Charging 49214.8.2 Proficiencies 49314.8.3 Deficiencies 49314.9 Standards 49414.9.1 Sae J 1772 49414.9.1.1 Revisions of SAE J 1772 49514.9.2 Iec 62196 49514.9.3 Sae J 2954 49714.10 WPT Technology in Practice 49714.11 Converters 49914.12 Resonant Network Topologies 50114.13 Appropriate DC/DC Converters 50114.14 Single-Ended Wireless EV Charger 50214.15 WPT and EV Motor Drive Using Single Inverter 50514.15.1 Problem Definition 50714.15.2 Wave Shaping Analysis 50714.15.3 Convertor System 51014.15.4 WPT System and Motor Drive Integration 51214.16 Conclusion 513References 51315 Recent Advances in Fast-Charging Methods for Electric Vehicles 519R. Chandrasekaran, M. Sathishkumar Reddy, B. Raja and K. Selvajyothi15.1 Introduction 51915.2 Levels of Charging 52015.2.1 Level 1 Charging 52015.2.2 Level 2 Charging 52015.2.3 Level 3 Charging 52215.3 EV Charging Standards 52315.4 Battery Charging Methods 52415.5 Constant Voltage Charging 52515.6 Constant Current Charging 52616.7 Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) Charging 52715.8 Multicurrent Level Charging 52815.9 Pulse Charging 52915.10 Converters and Its Applications 53015.10.1 Buck Converter 53215.10.2 Boost Converter 53315.10.3 Interleaved Buck Converter 53415.10.4 Interleaved Boost Converter 53515.11 Design of DC-DC Converters 53615.12 Results and Discussions 53815.13 Conclusion 542References 54316 Recent Advances in Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging 545Sivagami K., Janamejaya Channegowda and Damodharan P.16.1 Need for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) in Electric Vehicles (EV) 54616.2 WPT Theory 54616.3 Operating Principle of IPT 55016.3.1 Ampere’s Law 55116.3.2 Faraday’s Law 55116.4 Types of Wires 55216.4.1 Litz Wire 55216.4.2 Litz Magneto-Plate Wire (LMPW) 55216.4.3 Tubular Conductor 55216.4.4 REBCO Wire 55316.4.5 Copper Clad Aluminium Wire 55316.5 Ferrite Shapes 55316.6 Couplers 55416.7 Types of Charging 55616.7.1 Static Charging 55616.7.2 Dynamic Charging 55816.7.3 Quasi-Dynamic Charging 55916.8 Compensation Techniques 56016.9 Power Converters in WPT Systems 56416.9.1 Primary Side Converter 56516.9.1.1 Unidirectional Charger 56516.9.1.2 Bidirectional Charger 56616.9.2 Secondary Side Converter 56716.9.3 Recent Novel Converter 56716.10 Standards 56716.11 Conclusion 570References 57017 Flux Link Control Modulation Technique for Improving Power Transfer Characteristics of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter Used in FCEVS 573Bandi Mallikarjuna Reddy, Naveenkumar Marati, Kathirvel Karuppazhagi and Balraj Vaithilingam17.1 Introduction 57417.2 GDAB-IBDC Converter 57517.2.1 Analysis and Modeling of GDAB-IBDC 57617.3 FLC Modulation Technique 58017.3.1 Modes of Operation of GDAB-IBDC Converter 58217.3.2 Analytical Modeling of SPS and FLC Modulation 58317.4 Dead Band Analysis of GDAB-IBDC Converter 58917.5 Simulation and Results 59117.6 Conclusion 598References 598Index 601