Political Thought

Häftad, Engelska, 1999

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Human beings live together in societies which, by their very nature, give rise to institutions governing the behaviour and freedom of individuals. This raises important questions about how these institutions ought to function, and the extent to which actual systems of government succeed or fail in meeting these ideals. This Oxford Reader contains 140 key writings on political thought, covering issues about human nature and its relation to society, the extent to which the powers of the State are justified, the tension between liberty and rights, and the way resources should be distributed. Topics such as international relations, minority rights, democracy, socialism, and conservatism are also discussed, by contributors ranging from Plato and Aristotle to Foucault, Isaiah Berlin, and Martin Luther King.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum1999-09-30
Mått156 x 234 x 25 mm
Vikt685 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
SerieOxford Readers
Antal sidor448
FörlagOUP OXFORD
ISBN9780192892782

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Jonathan Wolff is Reader in Philosophy at University College London, and author of An Introduction to Political Philosophy (OUP, 1996) and Robert Nozick (Blackwell, 1991). Michael Rosen is a Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, co-editor of The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, and author of Hegel's Dialectic and its Criticism (CUP, 1982) and The Need for Interpretation (Abalone, 1987).

PREFACE; INTRODUCTION; CHAPTER 1: HUMAN NATURE; INTRODUCTION; 1A: THE NATURAL STATE OF MANKIND; 1. ARISTOTLE: THE STATE EXISTS BY NATURE; 2. THOMAS HOBBES: THE MISERY OF THE NATURAL CONDITION OF MANKIND; 3. JOHN LOCKE: THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE STATE OF WAR; 4. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: FEAR AND PEACE; 5. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE NOBLE SAVAGE; 6. ROBERT OWEN: MAN'S CHARACTER IS FORMED FOR HIM; 7. KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICHENGELS: MAN AS A PRODUCTIVE BEING; 8. CHARLES DARWIN: NATURAL SELECTION; 9. CHARLES DARWIN: THE ADVANTAGE OF MORALITY; 10. PETER KROPOTKIN: MUTUAL AID; 1B: MAN'S NATURE AND WOMAN'S NATURE; 11. PLATO: WOMEN AS WEAKER PARTNERS; 12. ARISTOTLE: SEPARATE SPHERES; 13. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE LIKENESS AND UNLIKENESS OF THE SEXES; 14. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN; 15. JOHN STUART MILL: THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN; 16. CAROL GILLIGAN: IN A DIFFERENT VOICE; 17. ALISON M JAGGAR: SOCIALIST FEMINISM AND THE STANDPOINT OF WOMEN; CHAPTER 2: THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE STATE; 2A WHAT IS THE STATE?; 18. JOHN LOCKE: POLITICAL POWER; 19. MAX WEBER: THE STATE AND COERCION; 2B THE SOCIAL CONTRACT; 20. THOMAS HOBBES: CREATING LEVIATHAN; 21. JOHN LOCKE: EXPRESS AND TACIT CONSENT; 22. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: NATURAL FREEDOM AND THE FREEDOM OF THE CITIZEN; 23. IMMANUEL KANT: THE HYPOTHETICAL CONTRACT; 2CAGAINST THE SOCIAL CONTRACT; 24. DAVID HUME: THE IRRELEVANCE OF CONSENT; 25. JEREMY BENTHAM: UTILITY AS THE TRUE FOUNDATION; 26. G.W.F HEGEL: THE PRIORITY OF THE STATE OVER THE INDIVIDUAL; 27. H.L.A. HART: THE PRINCIPLE OF FAIRNESS; 2D: THE ANARCHIST RESPONSE; 28. MICHAEL BAKUNIN: SCIENCE AND THE PEOPLE; 29. ROBERT PAUL WOLFF: THE CONFLICT OF AUTONOMY AND AUTHORITY; 2E: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; 30. PLATO: THE DUTY OF OBEDIENCE; 31. HENRY DAVID THOREAU: THE DUTY OF DISOBEDIENCE; 32. MARTIN LUTHER KING: AN UNJUST LAW IS NO LAW; 33. JOHN RAWLS: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; CHAPTER 3: DEMOCRACY AND ITS DIFFICULTIES; 3A: AGAINST DEMOCRACY; 34. PLATO: RULING AS A SKILL; 35. FREDERICK THE GREAT: THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOT; 3B: DEMOCRATIC IDEALS; 36. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE GENERAL WILL; 37. IMMANUEL KANT: FREEDOM AND EQUALITY; 38. JOHN STUART MILL: THE DEMOCRATIC CITIZEN; 39. JOHN RAWLS: MAJORITY RULE; 3C TRUE AND FALSE DEMOCRACY; 40. V.I. LENIN: BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIAN DEMOCRACY; 41. CAROLE PATEMAN: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY; 3D DANGERS IN DEMOCRACY; 42. ARISTOTLE: RULE OF THE PEOPLE AND RULE OF LAW; 43. JAMES MADISON: THE DANGER OF FACTION; 44. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY; 3E DEMOCRACY AND BUREAUCRACY; 45. MAX WEBER: BUREAUCRATIC ADMINISTRATION; 46. VILFEDO PARETO: RULE BY OLIGARCHY; 3F: SEPARATION OF POWERS; 47. JOHN LOCKE: LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND FEDERATIVE POWERS; 48. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: THE IDEAL CONSTITUTION; CHAPTER 4: LIBERTY AND RIGHTS; 4A: WHAT IS LIBERTY?; 49. BENJAMIN CONSTANT: THE LIBERTY OF THE ANCIENTS AND THE LIBERTY OF THE MODERNS; 50. ISAIAH BERLIN: TWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY; 51. CHARLES TAYLOR: IN DEFENCE OF POSITIVE FREEDOM; 52. RONALD DWORKIN: NO RIGHT TO LIBERTY; 4B: LAW AND MORALITY; 53. JOHN STUART MILL: ONE SIMPLE PRINCIPLE; 54. JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN: THE CONSEQUENCES OF LIBERTY; 55. PARTICK DEVLIN: THE ENFORCEMENT OF MORALS; 56. H.L.A. HART: THE CHANGING SENSE OF MORALITY; 4C: TOLERATION AND FREE EXPRESSION; 57. JOHN LOCKE: THE FUTILITY OF INTOLERANCE; 58. THOMAS SCANLON: FREE EXPRESSION AND THE AUTHORITY OF THE STATE; 59. JEREMY WALDRON: THE SATANIC VERSES; 60. CATHERINE MACKINNON: ONLY WORDS; 4D: VIRTUE AND CITIZENSHIP; 61. PERICLES: THE DEMOCRATIC CITIZEN; 62. ARISTOTLE: THE REQUIREMENTS OF CITIZENSHIP; 63. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI: THE SERVILITY OF THE MODERNS; 64. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: THE NATURE OF MODERN SERVITUDE; 65. QUENTIN SKINNER: THE REPUBLICAN IDEAL OF POLITICAL LIBERTY; 4E: RIGHTS; 66. JEREMY BENTHAM: NONSENSE ON STILTS; 67. KARL MARX: THE RIGHTS OF EGOISTIC MAN; 68. ROBERT NOZICK: RIGHTS AS SIDE-CONSTRAINTS; 69. RONALD DWORKIN: TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY; 4F: PUNISHMENT; 70. JOHN STUART MILL: IN FAVOUR OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; 71. H.L.A. HART: PUNISHMENT AND RESPONSIBILITY; 72. ROBERT NOZICK: WHERE DETERRENCE THEORY GOES WRONG; CHAPTER 5: ECONOMIC JUSTICE; 5A: PRIVATE PROPERTY; 73. JOHN LOCKE: LABOUR AS THE BASIS OF PROPERTY; 74. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE EARTH BELONGS TO NOBODY; 75. G.W.F HEGEL: PROPERTY AS EXPRESSION; 76. HERBERT SPENCER: THE RIGHT TO THE USE OF THE EARTH; 77. KARL MARX: MONEY, THE UNIVERSAL WHORE; 78. KARL MARX: THE TRUE FOUNDATION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY; 79. SIGMUND FREUD: PROPERTY AND AGGRESSION; 80. R.H. TAWNEY: REAPING WITHOUT SOWING; 81. ROBERT NOZICK: DIFFICULTIES WITH MIXING LABOUR; 5B: THE MARKET; 82. ADAM SMITH: THE DANGERS OF GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE; 83. KARL MARX: APPEARANCE AND REALITY; 84. F.A. HAYEK: PRICES AS A CODE; 85. MILTON FRIEDMAN AND ROSE FRIEDMAN: THE TYRANNY OF CONTROLS; 86. G.A. COHEN: POVERTY AS LACK OF FREEDOM; 5C: THEORIES OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE; 87. AESOP: THE GRASSHOPPER AND THE ANTS; 88. ARISTOTLE: RECIPROCITY; 89. ARISTOTLE: EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY; 90. GERALD WINSTANLEY: THE COMMON STOCK; 91. DAVID HUME: THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF EQUALITY; 92. KARL MARX: FROM EACH ACCORDING TO HIS ABILITIES, TO EACH ACCORDING TO HIS NEEDS; 93. EDWARD BELLAMY: LOOKING BACKWARD; 94. F.A. HAYEK: THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF PLANNING; 95. JOHN RAWLS: TWO PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE; 96. ROBERT NOZICK: THE ENTITLEMENT THEORY; 97. RONALD DWORKIN: EQUALITY OF RESOURCES; CHAPTER 6: JUSTICE BETWEEN GROUPS; 6A: PEACE AND WAR; 98. IMMANUEL KANT: PERPETUAL PEACE; 99. RICHARD COBDEN: THE CIVILIZING INFLUENCE OF COMMERCE; 100. MICHAEL WALZER: JUST AND UNJUST WAR; 101. THOMAS NAGEL: THE LIMITS OF WARFARE; 6B: NATIONALISM; 102. ISAIAH BERLIN: NATIONAL SENTIMENT; 103. ALASDAIR MACINTYRE: IS PATRIOTISM A VIRTUE?; 6C: MINORITY RIGHTS; 104. THOMAS HILL: THE MESSAGE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION; 105. AVISHAI MARGALIT AND JOSEPH RAZ: NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION'; 6D: INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE; 106. BRIAN BARRY: JUSTICE BETWEEN GENERATIONS'; 6E: INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE; 107. PETER SINGER: FAMINE, AFFLUENCE AND MORALITY; 108. ONORA O'NEILL: LIFEBOAT EARTH; CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATIVES TO LIBERALISM; 7A: LIBERAL THEORY UNDER STRAIN; 109. JURGEN HABERMAS: LEGITIMATION CRISIS; 110. MICHAEL WALZER: LIBERALISM IN RETREAT; 111. MICHAEL WALZER: THE ARTIFICIALITY OF LIBERALISM; 7B: CONSERVATISM; 112. EDMUND BURKE: ETERNAL SOCIETY; 113. T.S. ELIOT: THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE; 114. MICHAEL OAKESHOTT: ON BEING CONSERVATIVE; 7C: COMMUNITARIANISM; 115. CHARLES TAYLOR: IDENTIFICIATION AND SUBJECTIVITY; 116. ALASDAIR MACINTYRE: TRADITION AND THE UNITY OF A LIFE; 117. MICHAEL SANDEL: CONCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY; 7D: SOCIALISM; 118. KARL MARX: WORK IN COMMUNIST SOCIETY; 119. KARL MARX: THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; 120. KARL MARX: THE REALM OF FREEDOM; 121. OSCAR WILDE: THE SOUL OF MAN UNDER SOCIALISM; 122. ERNEST MANDEL: PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY; 123. G.A. COHEN: SOCIALISM AND EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY; 7E: POST-MODERNISM; 124. FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE:THE IMPULSE TOWARDS JUSTICE; 125. MICHEL FOUCAULT: POWER/KNOWLEDGE; 126. RICHARD RORTY: THE PRIORITY OF DEMOCRACY TO PHILOSOPHY; CHAPTER 8: PROGESS AND CIVILIZATION; 127. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE EFFFECT OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES; 128. ADAM SMITH: DIVISION OF LABOUR; 129. FRIEDRICH SCHILLER: FRAGMENTATION AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION; 130. KARL MARX: DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRODUCTIVE FORCES; 131. FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY: OUR SELF-DESTRUCTIVE IMPULSE; 132. FRIEDRICH ENGELS: TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM; 133. MAX WEBER: DISENCHANTMENT; 134. KARL POPPER: THE UTOPIAN METHOD; 135. FRANCIS FUKUYAMA: THE END OF HISTORY; APPENDIX: FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL DOCUMENTS; 136. U.S. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 1776; 137. DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN 1789; 138. THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1789; 139. THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS 1863; 140. UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1948