Political Thought

Jonathan Wolff is Reader in Philosophy at University College London, and author of An Introduction to Political Philosophy (OUP, 1996) and Robert Nozick (Blackwell, 1991). Michael Rosen is a Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, co-editor of The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, and author of Hegel's Dialectic and its Criticism (CUP, 1982) and The Need for Interpretation (Abalone, 1987).

• PREFACE; INTRODUCTION; CHAPTER 1: HUMAN NATURE; INTRODUCTION; 1A: THE NATURAL STATE OF MANKIND; 1. ARISTOTLE: THE STATE EXISTS BY NATURE; 2. THOMAS HOBBES: THE MISERY OF THE NATURAL CONDITION OF MANKIND; 3. JOHN LOCKE: THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE STATE OF WAR; 4. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: FEAR AND PEACE; 5. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE NOBLE SAVAGE; 6. ROBERT OWEN: MAN'S CHARACTER IS FORMED FOR HIM; 7. KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICHENGELS: MAN AS A PRODUCTIVE BEING; 8. CHARLES DARWIN: NATURAL SELECTION; 9. CHARLES DARWIN: THE ADVANTAGE OF MORALITY; 10. PETER KROPOTKIN: MUTUAL AID; 1B: MAN'S NATURE AND WOMAN'S NATURE; 11. PLATO: WOMEN AS WEAKER PARTNERS; 12. ARISTOTLE: SEPARATE SPHERES; 13. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE LIKENESS AND UNLIKENESS OF THE SEXES; 14. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN; 15. JOHN STUART MILL: THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN; 16. CAROL GILLIGAN: IN A DIFFERENT VOICE; 17. ALISON M JAGGAR: SOCIALIST FEMINISM AND THE STANDPOINT OF WOMEN; CHAPTER 2: THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE STATE; 2A WHAT IS THE STATE?; 18. JOHN LOCKE: POLITICAL POWER; 19. MAX WEBER: THE STATE AND COERCION; 2B THE SOCIAL CONTRACT; 20. THOMAS HOBBES: CREATING LEVIATHAN; 21. JOHN LOCKE: EXPRESS AND TACIT CONSENT; 22. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: NATURAL FREEDOM AND THE FREEDOM OF THE CITIZEN; 23. IMMANUEL KANT: THE HYPOTHETICAL CONTRACT; 2CAGAINST THE SOCIAL CONTRACT; 24. DAVID HUME: THE IRRELEVANCE OF CONSENT; 25. JEREMY BENTHAM: UTILITY AS THE TRUE FOUNDATION; 26. G.W.F HEGEL: THE PRIORITY OF THE STATE OVER THE INDIVIDUAL; 27. H.L.A. HART: THE PRINCIPLE OF FAIRNESS; 2D: THE ANARCHIST RESPONSE; 28. MICHAEL BAKUNIN: SCIENCE AND THE PEOPLE; 29. ROBERT PAUL WOLFF: THE CONFLICT OF AUTONOMY AND AUTHORITY; 2E: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; 30. PLATO: THE DUTY OF OBEDIENCE; 31. HENRY DAVID THOREAU: THE DUTY OF DISOBEDIENCE; 32. MARTIN LUTHER KING: AN UNJUST LAW IS NO LAW; 33. JOHN RAWLS: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; CHAPTER 3: DEMOCRACY AND ITS DIFFICULTIES; 3A: AGAINST DEMOCRACY; 34. PLATO: RULING AS A SKILL; 35. FREDERICK THE GREAT: THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOT; 3B: DEMOCRATIC IDEALS; 36. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE GENERAL WILL; 37. IMMANUEL KANT: FREEDOM AND EQUALITY; 38. JOHN STUART MILL: THE DEMOCRATIC CITIZEN; 39. JOHN RAWLS: MAJORITY RULE; 3C TRUE AND FALSE DEMOCRACY; 40. V.I. LENIN: BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIAN DEMOCRACY; 41. CAROLE PATEMAN: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY; 3D DANGERS IN DEMOCRACY; 42. ARISTOTLE: RULE OF THE PEOPLE AND RULE OF LAW; 43. JAMES MADISON: THE DANGER OF FACTION; 44. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY; 3E DEMOCRACY AND BUREAUCRACY; 45. MAX WEBER: BUREAUCRATIC ADMINISTRATION; 46. VILFEDO PARETO: RULE BY OLIGARCHY; 3F: SEPARATION OF POWERS; 47. JOHN LOCKE: LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND FEDERATIVE POWERS; 48. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: THE IDEAL CONSTITUTION; CHAPTER 4: LIBERTY AND RIGHTS; 4A: WHAT IS LIBERTY?; 49. BENJAMIN CONSTANT: THE LIBERTY OF THE ANCIENTS AND THE LIBERTY OF THE MODERNS; 50. ISAIAH BERLIN: TWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY; 51. CHARLES TAYLOR: IN DEFENCE OF POSITIVE FREEDOM; 52. RONALD DWORKIN: NO RIGHT TO LIBERTY; 4B: LAW AND MORALITY; 53. JOHN STUART MILL: ONE SIMPLE PRINCIPLE; 54. JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN: THE CONSEQUENCES OF LIBERTY; 55. PARTICK DEVLIN: THE ENFORCEMENT OF MORALS; 56. H.L.A. HART: THE CHANGING SENSE OF MORALITY; 4C: TOLERATION AND FREE EXPRESSION; 57. JOHN LOCKE: THE FUTILITY OF INTOLERANCE; 58. THOMAS SCANLON: FREE EXPRESSION AND THE AUTHORITY OF THE STATE; 59. JEREMY WALDRON: THE SATANIC VERSES; 60. CATHERINE MACKINNON: ONLY WORDS; 4D: VIRTUE AND CITIZENSHIP; 61. PERICLES: THE DEMOCRATIC CITIZEN; 62. ARISTOTLE: THE REQUIREMENTS OF CITIZENSHIP; 63. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI: THE SERVILITY OF THE MODERNS; 64. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: THE NATURE OF MODERN SERVITUDE; 65. QUENTIN SKINNER: THE REPUBLICAN IDEAL OF POLITICAL LIBERTY; 4E: RIGHTS; 66. JEREMY BENTHAM: NONSENSE ON STILTS; 67. KARL MARX: THE RIGHTS OF EGOISTIC MAN; 68. ROBERT NOZICK: RIGHTS AS SIDE-CONSTRAINTS; 69. RONALD DWORKIN: TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY; 4F: PUNISHMENT; 70. JOHN STUART MILL: IN FAVOUR OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; 71. H.L.A. HART: PUNISHMENT AND RESPONSIBILITY; 72. ROBERT NOZICK: WHERE DETERRENCE THEORY GOES WRONG; CHAPTER 5: ECONOMIC JUSTICE; 5A: PRIVATE PROPERTY; 73. JOHN LOCKE: LABOUR AS THE BASIS OF PROPERTY; 74. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE EARTH BELONGS TO NOBODY; 75. G.W.F HEGEL: PROPERTY AS EXPRESSION; 76. HERBERT SPENCER: THE RIGHT TO THE USE OF THE EARTH; 77. KARL MARX: MONEY, THE UNIVERSAL WHORE; 78. KARL MARX: THE TRUE FOUNDATION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY; 79. SIGMUND FREUD: PROPERTY AND AGGRESSION; 80. R.H. TAWNEY: REAPING WITHOUT SOWING; 81. ROBERT NOZICK: DIFFICULTIES WITH MIXING LABOUR; 5B: THE MARKET; 82. ADAM SMITH: THE DANGERS OF GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE; 83. KARL MARX: APPEARANCE AND REALITY; 84. F.A. HAYEK: PRICES AS A CODE; 85. MILTON FRIEDMAN AND ROSE FRIEDMAN: THE TYRANNY OF CONTROLS; 86. G.A. COHEN: POVERTY AS LACK OF FREEDOM; 5C: THEORIES OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE; 87. AESOP: THE GRASSHOPPER AND THE ANTS; 88. ARISTOTLE: RECIPROCITY; 89. ARISTOTLE: EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY; 90. GERALD WINSTANLEY: THE COMMON STOCK; 91. DAVID HUME: THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF EQUALITY; 92. KARL MARX: FROM EACH ACCORDING TO HIS ABILITIES, TO EACH ACCORDING TO HIS NEEDS; 93. EDWARD BELLAMY: LOOKING BACKWARD; 94. F.A. HAYEK: THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF PLANNING; 95. JOHN RAWLS: TWO PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE; 96. ROBERT NOZICK: THE ENTITLEMENT THEORY; 97. RONALD DWORKIN: EQUALITY OF RESOURCES; CHAPTER 6: JUSTICE BETWEEN GROUPS; 6A: PEACE AND WAR; 98. IMMANUEL KANT: PERPETUAL PEACE; 99. RICHARD COBDEN: THE CIVILIZING INFLUENCE OF COMMERCE; 100. MICHAEL WALZER: JUST AND UNJUST WAR; 101. THOMAS NAGEL: THE LIMITS OF WARFARE; 6B: NATIONALISM; 102. ISAIAH BERLIN: NATIONAL SENTIMENT; 103. ALASDAIR MACINTYRE: IS PATRIOTISM A VIRTUE?; 6C: MINORITY RIGHTS; 104. THOMAS HILL: THE MESSAGE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION; 105. AVISHAI MARGALIT AND JOSEPH RAZ: NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION'; 6D: INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE; 106. BRIAN BARRY: JUSTICE BETWEEN GENERATIONS'; 6E: INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE; 107. PETER SINGER: FAMINE, AFFLUENCE AND MORALITY; 108. ONORA O'NEILL: LIFEBOAT EARTH; CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATIVES TO LIBERALISM; 7A: LIBERAL THEORY UNDER STRAIN; 109. JURGEN HABERMAS: LEGITIMATION CRISIS; 110. MICHAEL WALZER: LIBERALISM IN RETREAT; 111. MICHAEL WALZER: THE ARTIFICIALITY OF LIBERALISM; 7B: CONSERVATISM; 112. EDMUND BURKE: ETERNAL SOCIETY; 113. T.S. ELIOT: THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE; 114. MICHAEL OAKESHOTT: ON BEING CONSERVATIVE; 7C: COMMUNITARIANISM; 115. CHARLES TAYLOR: IDENTIFICIATION AND SUBJECTIVITY; 116. ALASDAIR MACINTYRE: TRADITION AND THE UNITY OF A LIFE; 117. MICHAEL SANDEL: CONCEPTIONS OF COMMUNITY; 7D: SOCIALISM; 118. KARL MARX: WORK IN COMMUNIST SOCIETY; 119. KARL MARX: THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; 120. KARL MARX: THE REALM OF FREEDOM; 121. OSCAR WILDE: THE SOUL OF MAN UNDER SOCIALISM; 122. ERNEST MANDEL: PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY; 123. G.A. COHEN: SOCIALISM AND EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY; 7E: POST-MODERNISM; 124. FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE:THE IMPULSE TOWARDS JUSTICE; 125. MICHEL FOUCAULT: POWER/KNOWLEDGE; 126. RICHARD RORTY: THE PRIORITY OF DEMOCRACY TO PHILOSOPHY; CHAPTER 8: PROGESS AND CIVILIZATION; 127. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE EFFFECT OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES; 128. ADAM SMITH: DIVISION OF LABOUR; 129. FRIEDRICH SCHILLER: FRAGMENTATION AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION; 130. KARL MARX: DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRODUCTIVE FORCES; 131. FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY: OUR SELF-DESTRUCTIVE IMPULSE; 132. FRIEDRICH ENGELS: TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM; 133. MAX WEBER: DISENCHANTMENT; 134. KARL POPPER: THE UTOPIAN METHOD; 135. FRANCIS FUKUYAMA: THE END OF HISTORY; APPENDIX: FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL DOCUMENTS; 136. U.S. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 1776; 137. DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN 1789; 138. THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1789; 139. THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS 1863; 140. UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1948