Point-of-Care Biosensors for Infectious Diseases

Sushma Dave received her academic degrees in Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, and Environmental Chemistry from Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur (India). Since 1999, she has been teaching chemistry to students of engineering and basic sciences and is currently an Associate Professor at the Jodhpur Institute of Engineering & Technology. Dr. Jayashankar Das holds a PhD in Biotechnology and is an accomplished scientist turned into dynamic entrepreneur. He has 80+ International publications to his credit and practical experience from a wide range of research projects in the areas of Biosensors, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Artificial Intelligence.

• Preface xiii1 Biosensors for Infectious Diseases-Fundamentals 1Maheswata Moharana, Subrat K. Pattanayak, Fahmida Khan, and Sushma Dave1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biosensors Fundamental Aspects 21.3 Classifications of Biosensor 31.3.1 Biorecognition Perspective 31.3.1.1 Nucleic Acid Biosensors 31.3.1.2 Protein–Receptor Biosensor 51.3.1.3 Enzymatic Biosensor 51.3.1.4 Whole-Cells Biosensors 51.3.1.5 Antibody-Based Biosensor 61.4 Transduction Through Signals 61.4.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 61.4.2 Optical 61.4.3 Thermometric (Calorimetric) 71.4.4 Mass-Sensitive 71.4.5 Electrical 81.5 Conclusions 8References 92 Nuts and Bolts of Modern Biosensing Technology: Smart Health Diagnostic Devices 15Itthipon Jeerapan, Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez, and Barbara Brunetti2.1 Introduction 152.2 Nuts and Bolts for Point-of-Care (POC) Biosensor-Based Testing 172.2.1 Analytes 182.2.2 Receptors and Sensing Elements 182.2.3 Transducer 202.2.4 Signal Processing Unit 212.3 Advances in Biosensing Technology 212.3.1 Advanced Sensors for Detecting Pathogens 212.3.1.1 Biosensors for Bacteria Detection 222.3.1.2 Biosensors for Detecting Viruses 262.3.2 Advanced Biosensors for Monitoring Metabolites 332.4 Conclusion and Prospects 40References 413 Disease Related Detection with Electrochemical Biosensors 49Anulipsa Priyadarshini, Niharika Das, Saraswati Soren, Jashobanta Sahoo, Raghabendra Samantray, and Rojalin Sahu3.1 Introduction 493.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 503.2.1 Materials 513.2.2 Working Principle 533.3 Immobilization of Different Biomolecules 543.4 Different Types of Techniques Used in EC Biosensors for Detection of Various Diseases 553.4.1 Voltametric Biosensor 553.4.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 563.4.3 Impedance Biosensors 583.4.4 Amperometric Biosensors 583.4.5 Potentiometric Biosensors 603.4.6 Electrochemical Immunosensor 613.5 Conclusion and Future Direction 62References 634 Biosensors for Point-of-Care (POC) Applications 69The Flag Bearer of the Modern Medicinal Technology to Tackle Infectious DiseasesSumit Kumar, Garima Rathee, Gaurav Bartwal, and Pratima R. Solanki4.1 Introduction 694.2 Classification of POC Biosensors for Detection of Infectious Diseases 714.2.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensor 714.2.2 Fluorescence-Based Biosensor 724.2.2.1 Direct Fluorescence Biosensors for Infectious Diseases 724.2.2.2 Signal-on/off Fluorescent Biosensors for Infectious Disease POC Diagnostics 734.2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Biosensor 734.2.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-Based Biosensor 734.2.5 Chemiluminescence-Based Biosensor 744.2.6 Colorimetric-Based Biosensors 744.2.7 Magnetic-Based Biosensors 744.3 Modern Devices for the Detection of Infectious Diseases 754.3.1 Lab-on-a-Chip Devices and Lab-on-a-Disc Devices 754.3.2 Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical and Lateral Flow Devices 764.3.3 Miniaturized PCR and Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Devices 784.4 Scope and Challenges Associated with the Next-Generation POC Devices 794.5 Conclusion 79References 805 Organic- and Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials for Healthcare Diagnostics 87Komal Kashyap, Maheswata Moharana, Fahmida Khan, and Subrat K. Pattanayak5.1 Introduction 875.2 Nanomaterials Based on Carbon Allotropes in Healthcare 885.3 Inorganic Nanomaterials in Health Diagnosis 915.4 Organic Nanomaterials in Healthcare Diagnosis 925.5 Future Prospects 95References 956 CRISPR/Cas System 101Applications in Diagnosis of Infectious DiseasesDeepak Kumar Sahel and Mohd Azhar6.1 Introduction 1016.2 Nucleic Acids: Role in the Diagnosis 1026.2.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acids 1036.2.2 Ribonucleic Acids 1036.3 Nucleic Acid Biomarkers in Infectious Diseases 1046.4 Nucleic Acid Detection and Limitations 1066.5 CRISPR/Cas System 1086.5.1 Characteristics Features of Different Cas Effectors 1106.5.2 CRISPR in Diagnostics 1116.5.2.1 Cas9-Based Detection 1126.5.2.2 Cas12-Based Detection 1126.5.2.3 Cas13-Based Detection 1166.5.2.4 Other Cas Effectors-Based Detection 1176.6 Conclusion and Prospects 119References 1197 Role of Piezoelectric Biosensors 129Jaykishon Swain, Subrat Swain, Durgesh Singh, Anirudha Jena, Raghabendra Samantaray, and Rojalin Sahu7.1 Introduction 1297.2 Types of Piezoelectric Biosensors 1317.2.1 Inorganic Piezoelectric Material 1317.2.2 Organic Piezoelectric Biosensors 1337.3 Application of Piezoelectric Biosensor Devices 1357.3.1 Immunosensors Based on Piezoelectric Material 1357.3.2 Piezoelectric Device with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 1377.3.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors for Genetic Information 1387.4 Conclusion 139References 1408 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors for Detection of Infectious Diseases 147Dipak Maity, Gajiram Murmu, Satya R. Sahoo, Ankur Tiwari, Siddharth Ajith, and Sumit Saha8.1 Introduction 1478.2 Biosensors 1488.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 1488.2.2 Colorimetric Biosensors 1508.2.3 Fluorescence Biosensors 1518.3 Types of Infectious Diseases 1538.4 Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors 1568.4.1 Recognition of Pathogens 1578.4.2 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors 1578.4.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 1588.4.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 1588.4.2.3 Quantum Dots 1598.4.2.4 Other Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1608.5 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors used for Infectious Diseases 1608.5.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 1618.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 1638.5.3 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs) 1648.5.4 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) 1658.5.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) 1668.5.6 Miscellaneous Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1678.6 Comparative Studies of Biosensors for Infectious Diseases: Advantages and Limitations 1718.6.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 1718.6.2 Fluorescence-Based Biosensors 1728.6.3 Colorimetric Biosensors 1728.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 173Acknowledgment 174References 1749 Biosensors for Point-of-Care Applications: Replacing Pathology Labs by Bedside Devices 187Mayukh Sinha, Sayak Banerjee, Sambit Majumdar, and Arindam Kushagra9.1 Introduction 1879.2 POCT Relevance in Healthcare 1879.3 Self-Blood Glucose Monitoring 1899.3.1 Introduction 1899.3.2 Requirements for Self-Glucose Monitoring Device 1899.3.3 Types of Sensor-Based Monitoring System 1899.3.3.1 Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) 1899.3.3.2 Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) 1909.4 Methods of Blood Glucose Monitoring 1909.4.1 Enzymatic Assay Reaction 1909.4.2 Detection Method 1919.4.3 Errors Occuring in Blood Glucose Monitoring 1919.4.4 POCT for Blood Glucose Monitoring 1919.5 Blood Gas Analysis 1929.5.1 Introduction 1929.5.2 Methodologies 1929.5.3 Electrochemical Sensors 1929.5.4 Optical Sensors 1929.5.5 Measurement of the Blood Gas Parameters 1939.5.6 pH 1939.5.7 PaCO2 1939.5.8 PaO2 1949.5.9 Glucose and Lactate Metabolites 1959.5.9.1 Electrolytes 1969.5.9.2 Hemoglobin, Bilirubin 1969.5.10 POCT of Blood Gas Analysis 1979.6 Urine Analysis 1979.6.1 Introduction 1979.6.2 Methodologies 1989.6.2.1 Urine Dipsticks (Colorimetric Reagent Strip) 1989.6.2.2 Lateral Flow Immunoassay (Rapid Test) 1989.6.3 Measurement of the Parameters in the Urine Sample 2009.6.3.1 Protein 2009.6.3.2 Nitrite 2019.6.3.3 Leukocytes 2019.6.3.4 Bilirubin 2019.6.3.5 Urobilinogen 2029.6.3.6 Specific Gravity 2029.6.3.7 Hemoglobin (Hb) 2039.6.3.8 Ketone 2039.6.3.9 pH 2039.6.3.10 Glucose 2039.7 Conclusion 204References 20410 Strategic Synthesis of Diagnostic Novel Materials Against Infectious Diseases 209Hardik Shyam Churi and Sushma Dave10.1 Introduction 20910.2 Detection Needs at the POC 21110.2.1 Nanomaterials for Malaria Parasites Detection 21210.2.2 Nanomaterials for HIV 21410.2.3 Nanomaterials for HBV 21510.2.4 Nanomaterials for HPV 21610.2.5 Nanomaterials for Dengue Virus 21710.2.6 Nanomaterials for Ebola Virus 21710.2.7 Nanomaterials for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 21810.2.8 Nanomaterials for Zika Virus 21910.2.9 Nanomaterials for Biomarkers in Infectious Disease POCT 22010.2.10 Nanomaterials for Pathogen Nucleic Acids 22110.2.11 Nanomaterials for Antibodies and Proteins 22210.3 Technology Advancements in Infectious Disease POCT 22410.4 Futuristic Developments 224References 22511 Development of a Diagnostic Kit for Point-of-Care Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications 235Vijay Vaishampayan, Prabir Kulabhushan, Ishita Dasgupta, Ashish Kapoor, and Sarang P. Gumfekar11.1 Introduction 23511.2 Evolution of Biosensor 23611.3 Biosensors for Point-of-Care Sensing 23711.3.1 Fundamentals of Biosensor 23711.3.2 Bioreceptors in Biosensor 23811.3.3 Transducer in Biosensor 24011.3.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensor 24011.3.3.2 Potentiometric Biosensor 24111.3.3.3 Amperometric Biosensor 24111.3.3.4 Impedimetric Biosensors 24111.3.3.5 Voltammetric Biosensors 24111.3.3.6 Optical Biosensor 24111.3.3.7 Gravimetric Biosensor 24111.3.3.8 Acoustic Biosensors 24311.3.4 Materials Used to Fabricate Biosensors 24311.3.5 Biosensors for Infectious Diseases 24311.3.6 Biosensor for the Detection of Dengue 24311.3.7 Biosensors for Tuberculosis 24611.3.8 Future Scope 24611.4 Conclusion 247Acknowledgment 248References 24812 Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Point-of-Care Infectious Diseases Diagnostics 255Snehal Jani, Vishakha Dave, Medha Pandya, Ranjeet Brajpuriya, and Sushma Dave12.1 Introduction 25512.2 Design of Lab-on-a-Chip Devices 25712.2.1 Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (μPADs) 25812.2.1.1 Fabrication of Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices 25912.2.2 Chip-Based Microfluidic LOCs 26112.2.3 Chip-Based Microfluidic Device Substrate Materials 26212.2.4 Fundamentals of Flow of Liquid in Microchannels 26212.2.5 Sampling 26312.2.6 Diagnostics Material/Biomarkers in Microfluidic Devices 26312.2.7 Signal Generation and Detection 26412.2.7.1 Electrochemical Method 26412.2.7.2 Magnetic Particle Labeling 26512.2.7.3 Optical Detection 26512.3 LOC for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 26612.3.1 LOC for Virus Detection 26612.3.2 LOC for Detection of Bacteria 26712.3.2.1 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 268References 270Index 275