Plant Nucleotide Metabolism

Professor Hiroshi Ashihara is an Emeritus Professor at the Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Iziar A. Ludwig is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain. Professor Alan Crozier is an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA and the School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

• Preface xvPart I General Aspects of Nucleotide Metabolism 11 Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Nomenclature and Abbreviations of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 31.3 Chemical Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 51.4 Summary 11References 112 Occurrence of Nucleotides and Related Metabolites in Plants 132.1 Purines and Pyrimidines 132.2 Pyridine Nucleotides 172.3 Concentration of Cytokinins 182.4 Alkaloids Derived from Nucleotides 182.5 Summary 19References 193 General Aspects of Nucleotide Biosynthesis and Interconversions 213.1 Introduction 213.2 De Novo Biosynthesis of Ribonucleoside Monophosphates 213.3 Interconversion of Nucleoside Monophosphates, Nucleoside Diphosphates, and Triphosphates 233.4 Conversion of Nucleoside Diphosphates to Nucleoside Triphosphates 243.5 Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides 293.6 Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis 293.7 Supply of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate 303.8 Supply of Amino Acids for Nucleotide Biosynthesis 333.9 Nitrogen Metabolism and Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plants 333.10 Summary 34References 35Part II Purine Nucleotide Metabolism 394 Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 414.1 Introduction 414.2 Reactions and Enzymes 434.3 Summary 52References 525 Salvage Pathways of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis 555.1 Introduction 555.2 Characteristics of Purine Salvage in Plants 565.3 Properties of Purine Phosphoribosyltransferases 595.4 Properties of Nucleoside Kinases 625.5 Properties of Nucleoside Phosphotransferase 655.6 Role of Purine Salvage in Plants 665.7 Summary 66References 666 Interconversion of Purine Nucleotides 716.1 Introduction 716.2 Deamination Reactions 716.3 Dephosphorylation Reactions 756.4 Glycosidic Bond Cleavage Reactions 766.5 In Situ Metabolism of 14C-Labelled Purine Nucleotides 796.6 In Situ Metabolism of Purine Nucleosides and Bases 806.7 Summary 88References 897 Degradation of Purine Nucleotides 957.1 Introduction 957.2 (S)-Allantoin Biosynthesis from Xanthine 977.3 Catabolism of (S)-Allantoin 1017.4 Purine Nucleotide Catabolism in Plants 1067.5 Accumulation and Utilization of Ureides in Plants 1077.6 Summary 111References 111Part III Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism 1178 Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 1198.1 Introduction 1198.2 Reactions and Enzymes of the De Novo Biosynthesis 1218.3 Control Mechanism of De Novo Pyrimidine Ribonucleotide Biosynthesis 1278.4 Biosynthesis of Thymidine Nucleotide 1298.5 Summary 131References 1319 Salvage Pathways of Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis 1379.1 Introduction 1379.2 Characteristics of Pyrimidine Salvage in Plants 1379.3 Enzymes of Pyrimidine Salvage 1399.4 Role of Pyrimidine Salvage in Plants 1459.5 Summary 146References 14610 Interconversion of Pyrimidine Nucleotides 14910.1 Introduction 14910.2 Deaminase Reactions 14910.3 Nucleosidase and Phosphorylase Reactions 15210.4 In Situ Metabolism of 14C-Labelled Pyrimidines 15310.5 Summary 159References 16011 Degradation of Pyrimidine Nucleotides 16511.1 Introduction 16511.2 Enzymes Involved in the Degradation Routes of Pyrimidines 16611.3 The Metabolic Fate of Uracil and Thymine 16811.4 Summary 169References 170Part IV Physiological Aspects of Nucleotide Metabolism 17312 Growth and Development 17512.1 Introduction 17512.2 Embryo Maturation 17512.3 Germination 18012.4 Organogenesis 18512.5 Breaking Bud Dormancy 18612.6 Fruit Ripening 18612.7 Storage Organ Development and Sprouting 18612.8 Suspension-Cultured Cells 18712.9 Molecular Studies 18912.10 Summary 189References 18913 Environmental Factors and Nucleotide Metabolism 19513.1 Introduction 19513.2 Effect of Phosphate on Nucleotide Metabolism 19513.3 Effect of Salts on Nucleotide Metabolism 19913.4 Effect of Water Stress 20213.5 Effect of Wound Stress 20213.6 Effect of Iron Deficiency 20513.7 Effect of Light 20613.8 Summary 206References 206Part V Purine Alkaloids 21114 Occurrence of Purine Alkaloids 21314.1 Introduction 21314.2 Chemical Structure of Purine Alkaloids 21314.3 Occurrence of Purine Alkaloids in Plants 21514.4 Summary 226References 22615 Biosynthesis of Purine Alkaloids 23115.1 Introduction 23115.2 A Brief History of Caffeine Biosynthesis Research 23115.3 Caffeine Biosynthesis Pathway 23415.4 Genes and Proteins of Caffeine Synthase Family 24515.5 Xanthosine Biosynthesis from Purine Nucleotides 24915.6 Summary 253References 25316 Physiological and Ecological Aspects of Purine Alkaloid Biosynthesis 25916.1 Introduction 25916.2 Physiology of Caffeine Biosynthesis 25916.3 Subcellular Localization of Caffeine Biosynthesis 26816.4 Regulation of Caffeine Biosynthesis 27016.5 Ecological Roles of Caffeine 27116.6 Summary 274References 27517 Metabolism of Purine Alkaloids and Biotechnology 28117.1 Introduction 28117.2 Metabolism of Purine Alkaloids 28117.3 Diversity of Purine Alkaloid Metabolism in Plants 28517.4 Biotechnology of Purine Alkaloids 29317.5 Caffeine-Producing Transgenic Plants 29517.6 Summary 298References 298Part VI Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolism 30118 Pyridine (Nicotinamide Adenine) Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 30318.1 Introduction 30318.2 Two Distinct Pathways of De Novo Nicotinate Mononucleotide Biosynthesis 30318.3 The Outline of the De Novo Pathway of NAD Biosynthesis in Plants 30418.4 Enzymes Involved in De Novo NAD Synthesis in Plants 30718.5 Summary 310References 31019 Pyridine Nucleotide Cycle 31519.1 Introduction 31519.2 Pyridine Nucleotide Cycle 31519.3 Catabolism of NAD 32019.4 Enzymes Involved in NAD Catabolism 32119.5 Salvage of Nicotinamide and Nicotinate 32319.6 Summary 325References 325Part VII Pyridine Alkaloids 32920 Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Pyridine Alkaloids 33120.1 Introduction 33120.2 Occurrence of Pyridine Alkaloids 33320.3 Biosynthesis of Pyridine Alkaloids 33520.4 Summary 345References 34521 Physiological Aspect and Biotechnology of Trigonelline 35121.1 Introduction 35121.2 Physiological Aspect of Trigonelline Biosynthesis 35121.3 Physiological Aspect of Nicotinate N-Glucoside Biosynthesis 35621.4 The Role of Trigonelline in Plants 35621.5 Biotechnology of Trigonelline 36021.6 Summary 362References 363Part VIII Other Nucleotide-Related Metabolites 36722 Sugar Nucleotides 36922.1 Introduction 36922.2 The Sugar Nucleotide Moiety 37022.3 Enzymes of Sugar Nucleotide Biosynthesis 37122.4 Localization of UDP-Glucose-Producing Enzymes 37722.5 UDP-Glucose-Interconversion 37722.6 Other Metabolites 37922.7 Summary 382References 38223 Cytokinins 38723.1 Introduction 38723.2 Adenosine Phosphate-Isopentenyl Formation 38823.3 trans-Zeatin Phosphate Synthesis 38923.4 Formation of Cytokinin Bases 38923.5 Effect of Nucleotide Enzymes in Cytokinins 39023.6 New Purine-Related Plant Growth Regulators 39223.7 Summary 393References 394Part IX Dietary Plant Alkaloids, Their Bioavailability, and Potential Impact on Human Health 39724 Bioavailability and Potential Impact on Human Health of Caffeine, Theobromine, and Trigonelline 39924.1 Caffeine 39924.2 Theobromine 40424.3 Trigonelline 40624.4 Summary 409References 409Index 415