Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology

Hiroshi Ashihara, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan. Alan Crozier, Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Atsushi Komamine, Kihara Instutute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.

• List of Contributors xiii Preface xv1 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Starch and Sugars 1Frederik Börnke and Sophia Sonnewald1.1 Introduction 11.2 Carbon Partitioning in Mesophyll Cells 21.3 Sucrose Biosynthesis in Source Leaves 31.4 Starch Metabolism in Source Leaves 71.5 Sucrose to Starch Conversion in Storage Organs 121.6 Metabolic Engineering of Carbohydrate Metabolism 141.7 Engineering Soluble Sugars 161.8 Production of Novel Carbohydrates in Transgenic Plants 171.9 Network Analysis of Carbohydrate Metabolism 18Acknowledgements 19References 192 Lipid Biosynthesis 27David Hildebrand2.1 Introduction 272.2 Fatty Acid Synthesis 292.3 Fatty Acid Desaturases 322.4 Lipid Signals 382.5 Algae 382.6 Membrane Synthesis 392.7 TAG Biosynthesis 432.8 Genetic Engineering of Oilseed for Industrial Uses 462.9 Plant Oils as a Renewable Resource 48Acknowledgements 51References 523 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 67Hiroshi Kouchi3.1 Nitrogen Fixing Organisms and the Nitrogenase System 673.2 Symbiotic Nodule Formation in Legume Plants 703.3 Mutual Interactions between Host Cells and Bacteroids in Legume Nodules 763.4 Molecular Genetic Approaches to the Host Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation 83Acknowledgements 92References 924 Sulfur Metabolism 103Hideki Takahashi4.1 Introduction 1034.2 Sulfate Transport 1044.3 Sulfate Reduction 1114.4 Cysteine Biosynthesis 1144.5 Methionine Biosynthesis 1174.6 Regulators for Coordination of Sulfur Metabolism 118References 1215 Nucleotide Metabolism 135Rita Zrenner and Hiroshi Ashihara5.1 Introduction 1355.2 Pyrimidine Metabolism 1365.3 Purine Metabolism 1425.4 Pyridine Metabolism 1495.5 Biotechnological Approaches 152References 1566 Purine Alkaloid Metabolism 163Hiroshi Ashihara, Shinjiro Ogita and Alan Crozier6.1 Introduction 1636.2 Classification of Purine Alkaloids 1666.3 Occurrence of Purine Alkaloids 1666.4 Biosynthesis of Caffeine 1676.5 Catabolism of Caffeine 1716.6 Physiological and Ecological Aspects of Purine Alkaloid Metabolism in Plants 1736.7 Metabolic Engineering of Caffeine In Planta 176References 1847 Nicotine Biosynthesis 191Tsubasa Shoji and Takashi Hashimoto7.1 Introduction 1917.2 Pathways and Enzymes 1927.3 Compartmentation and Trafficking 2007.4 Gene Regulation 2037.5 Metabolic Engineering 2077.6 Recent Developments 2087.7 Summary 208References 2088 Terpenoid Biosynthesis 217Dae-Kyun Ro8.1 Introduction 2178.2 Terpenoid Diversity 2188.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Terpenoid Biogenesis 2228.4 Terpene Synthase – Structure, Evolution and Engineering 2238.5 Two Distinct Pathways for Isopentenyl Diphosphate (IPP) Biosynthesis 2258.6 Subcellular and Cellular Compartmentalisations of Terpenoid Metabolism 2288.7 Gene Clusters in Terpenoid Metabolism 2308.8 Metabolic Engineering of Terpenoid Metabolism 2318.9 Concluding Remarks 235References 2359 Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis 241Isabel Desgagn´e-Penix and Peter J Facchini9.1 Introduction 2419.2 Biosynthesis 2429.3 Localisation and Transport of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids and their Biosynthetic Enzymes 2499.3.1 Cellular and Subcellular Localisation 2499.3.2 Transport 2519.4 Regulation 2519.4.1 Gene Regulation 2519.4.2 Signal Transduction 2519.5 Application to Biotechnology 2529.5.1 Mutagenesis 2529.5.2 Genetic Transformation and Metabolic Engineering 2529.5.3 Metabolic Engineering 2549.6 Conclusions 254References 25410 Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis 263Vincenzo De Luca10.1 Introduction 26310.2 Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid (MIA) Biosynthesis 26510.3 MIA Pathway Gene Discovery will be Enhanced by Large-Scale Sequencing and Comparative Analyses 27110.4 Developmental and Environmental Regulation of MIA Biosynthesis 27210.5 Metabolic Engineering using Enzymes with Altered Substrate Specificity 28210.6 Conclusion 282Acknowledgements 283References 28311 Flavonoid Biosynthesis 293Indu B. Jaganath and Alan Crozier11.1 Introduction 29311.2 Advances in Molecular Approaches for Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Elucidation 29411.3 The Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway as it is Today 29911.4 Conclusions 311References 31312 Pigment Biosynthesis I. Anthocyanins 321Yoshihiro Ozeki, Yuki Matsuba, Yutaka Abe, Naoyuki Umemoto and Nobuhiro Sasaki12.1 Introduction 32112.2 The Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway 32212.3 Glycosylation of Anthocyanidins 32512.4 Acylation of Anthocyanin Glycosides 32712.5 Transport of Anthocyanins from Cytosol to Vacuoles 33112.6 Concluding Remarks 335References 33613 Pigment Biosynthesis II: Betacyanins and Carotenoids 343Masaaki Sakuta and Akemi Ohmiya13.1 Betacyanins 34313.2 Carotenoids 35013.3 Metabolic Engineering of Carotenoids 357References 36114 Metabolomics in Plant Biotechnology 373Yozo Okazaki, Akira Oikawa, Miyako Kusano, Fumio Matsuda and Kazuki Saito14.1 Introduction 37314.2 Analytical Technologies 37314.3 Informatics Techniques 37614.4 Biotechnological Application 378Acknowledgements 381References 381Index 389

"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (Choice, 1 January 2012)