Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 41

Irwin L. Goldman, Professor and Chair, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

• 1. Hari Deo Upadhyaya: Plant Breeder, Geneticist and Genetic Resources Specialist 1Sangam L DwivediAbbreviations 3I. Introduction 3II. Biographical Sketch 5III. Contributions 5A. Genetic Resources Management and Use 61. Representative Subsets 62. Climate]resilient Germplasm 83. Seed Nutrient]dense Germplasm 84. Bioenergy 95. Germplasm Use in Breeding 96. On]farm Conservation and Use of Diversity 107. Wild Relatives and Cultigen Genepool 108. Gaps in Collections 12B. Molecular Biology and Biometrics 131. Population Structure and Diversity 132. Genome]wide Association Mapping 133. Candidate Genes Associated with Agronomically Useful Traits 154. Ethnolinguistic Groups Shaped Sorghum Diversity in Africa 155. Genome Sequencing 16C. Groundnut Breeding 161. Early Maturity 162. Drought Tolerance 183. Aflatoxin Resistance 184. Farmers Participatory Varietal Selection 19D. Chickpea Breeding 20IV. Upadhyaya, the Man 20A. Personality 20B. Educator and Leader 27C. International Collaborations 28D. Recognition 281. Awards 282. Honours 303. Service 30V. Publications 30VI. Products 31A. Cultivars 31B. Registrations 31References cited and further reading 332. Crop Improvement Using Genome Editing 55Nathaniel M Butler, Jiming Jiang and Robert M StuparAbbreviations 56I. Introduction 57II. Conceptual Framework for Genome Editing 60A. Development of Sequence]Specific Nucleases 601. Early Nucleases 622. Designer Nucleases 623. RNA]guided Nucleases 65B. DNA Repair Pathways 661. Non]homologous End]joining 662. Homologous Recombination 69C. Modes of Modifications 701. NHEJ]mediated Modifications 702. HR]mediated Modifications 71III. Plant Transformation Strategies 72A. Agrobacterium]mediated Transformation 73B. Protoplasts and Biolistics 75C. Plant Viral Systems 76IV. Harnessing Breaks for Targeted Mutagenesis 77A. Detecting and Stabilizing Targeted Mutations 78B. Targeted Mutagenesis in Polyploids 81V. Precision Gene Editing via HomologousRecombination 82VI. Genome Editing at the Genome Level 85A. Large Deletions 85B. Chromosomal Rearrangements 86C. Epigenetic Remodelling and Base Editing 87VII. Future Perspectives 88A. Nuclease Decisions and Considerations 89B. Crop Challenges and Advantages 90C. Regulation of Nuclease Technology 91Acknowledgements 92Literature Cited 923. Development and Commercialization of CMS Pigeonpea Hybrids 103KB Saxena, D Sharma, and MI ValesAbbreviations 105I. Introduction 106II. Reproductive Cycle and Morphology of Pigeonpea 108A. Induction of Flowering 108B. Maturity Range 109C. Flower Structure 110D. Flowering Pattern 111E. Pollination and Fertilization 111F. Natural Cross]pollination 1121. Cross]pollinating Agents 1122. Extent of Out]crossing 114III. Crop Production 115A. General Agronomy 115B. Major Production Constraints 1151. Diseases 1152. Insect Pests 1173. Waterlogging 117IV. Extent and Nature of Heterosis in Pigeonpea 118V. Genetic Male Sterility]based Hybrid Technology 119A. Genetic Male Sterility Systems 119B. Heterosis in GMS]based Hybrids 121C. Release of the First GMS]basedPigeonpea Hybrid 121D. Hybrid Seed Production Technology 122E. Assessment of GMS]based Hybrid Technology 123VI. Temperature]sensitive Male Sterility 124VII. Cytoplasmic]nuclear Male Sterility]based Hybrid Technology 125A. Early Efforts to Produce CMS System 126B. Breakthrough in Breeding Stable CMS Systems 126C. Diversification of Cytoplasm 1271. A1 CMS System from Cajanus sericeus (Benth. ex Bak.) van der Maesen 1282. A2 CMS System from Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thou 1283. A3 CMS System from Cajanus volubilis (Blanco) Blanco. 1284. A4 CMS System from Cajanus cajanifolius (Haines) Maesen 1295. A5 CMS System from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp 1296. A6 CMS System from Cajanus lineatus (W & A) van der Maesen 1307. A7 CMS from Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) van der Maesen 1308. A8 CMS System from Cajanus reticulatus (Aiton) F. Muell 1309. A9 CMS System from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp 131D. Effect of Pigeonpea Cytoplasm on Yield 131E. Fertility Restoration of A4 CMS System 132VIII. Breeding New Hybrid Parents 133A. Fixing Priorities 133B. Selection of Hybrid Parents from Germplasm and Breeding Populations 134C. Isolation of Fertility]Restoring Inbred Lines from Heterotic Hybrids 136D. Breeding Dwarf Parental Lines 137E. Breeding Determinate/Non]determinate Parental Lines 137F. Disease]resistant Parental Lines 138G. Use of a Naked]Eye Polymorphic Marker in Hybrid Breeding 139H. Formation of Heterotic Groups 140I. Inbreeding Depression 141IX. Application of Genomics in Breeding Hybrids 142 A. Understanding the Molecular Genetics Basis of the A4 CMS System 143B. Tagging Fertility]restoring Genes 143C. Assessment of Genetic Purity 144D. Potential Role in Breeding Two]line Hybrids 145X. Commercialization of Hybrid Pigeonpea Technology 146A. Standard Heterosis 1461. Early]maturing Hybrids 1462. Medium] and Late]maturing Hybrids 147B. Release of the World’s First Commercial Legume Hybrid 149C. Hybrid Seed Production Technology 152D. Economics of Hybrid Seed Production 153XI. Outlook 154Acknowledgements 157Literature Cited 1574. The Evolution of Potato Breeding 169Shelley H Jansky and David M SpoonerAbbreviations 170I. Introduction 170II. Classification of Cultivated Potato 171III. Origin of the Cultivated Potato 173IV. Dynamics of Potato Landrace Evolution 176V. Origin of the European Potato 178VI. Nineteenth Century Potato Breeding 179VII. Early Twentieth Century Potato Breeding 184VIII. Conventional Potato Breeding 189IX. Late Twentieth Century Potato Breeding 191X. Twenty]first Century Potato Breeding 196A. Is Tetraploidy Necessary for High Tuber Yield in Potato? 196B. What are the Advantages of Moving to the Diploid Level and Developing Inbred Lines? 198C. Is It Possible to Develop Diploid Inbred Lines in Potato? 200XI. Conclusions 202Literature Cited 2035. Flavour Evaluation for Plant Breeders 215JC Dawson and GK HealyAbbreviations 217I. Introduction 217A. Scope of the Chapter 218B. Justification for Rapid Sensory Methods 219C. History 220II. Types of Rapid Sensory Analysis Methods 221A. Performance Relative to Conventional Methods 222B. Methods of Rapid Sensory Evaluation 2241. Evaluation of Individual Product Attributes 224Method 1: Intensity Scales 224Method 2: Flash Profiling 225Medhod 3: Check All That Apply (CATA) 2262. Evaluation of Global Differences 227Method 4: Sorting 227Method 5: Projective Mapping 2283. Evaluation in Comparison to a Reference 230Method 6: Paired Comparisons 230Method 7: Polarized Sensory Positioning 231Method 8: Open]ended Evaluations 2324. Use of Professional Experts in Evaluation 232C. Numbers of Assessors and Numbers of Samples for Trained, Untrained and Expert Panels 235III. Data Analysis for Rapid Sensory Methods 236A. Principal Component Analysis 237B. Multi]dimensional Scaling 237C. Multiple Correspondence Analysis 238D. Generalized Procrustes Analysis 239E. Multiple Factor Analysis 239IV. Example of Using Sensory Analysis for Breeding 241A. Background, Goals and Partners 2411. Participant Recruitment and Priority Setting 2412. Cultivar Trials 243B. Flavour Evaluation Methods Used 2431. Evolution of Flavour Evaluation Methods 2432. Intensity Scaling Methods Used with Crew Members 2443. Chef Projective Mapping Evaluation 245C. Statistical Methodology 2461. ANOVA with Intensity Scaling Methods 2462. Principal Component Analysis of Field Crew Flavour Evaluation Means 2463. Multiple Factor Analysis of Chef Projective Mapping Data 247D. Results 2471. Field Crew Flavour Evaluation with Intensity Scaling 2472. Chef Flavour Evaluations 2503. Participant Feedback and Next Steps 253V. Outlook 254Acknowledgements 256Literature Cited 2566. The Genetic Improvement of Black Walnut for Timber Production 263James R McKenna and Mark V CoggeshallAbbreviations 264I. Introduction 265II. Biology of Black Walnut 268A. Leafing Date 268B. Flowering 2681. Female Flowers 2692. Male Flowers 270C. Pollen Collection 270D. Artificial Pollination 271III. Breeding 272A. Breeding Strategies 272B. Selection 272C. Age]to]Age Correlations 273D. Improvement 274E. Analysis 274IV. Evaluation of Heritable Traits 274A. Geographic Variation 274B. Growth 275C. Timber Quality 275D. Wood Quality 276V. Host Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Insect Pests 277A. Insect Resistance 277B. Anthracnose 277C. Thousand Cankers Disease 278D. Bunch Disease – Witches Broom 278VI. Propagation 279A. Seed Propagation 279B. Grafting 280C. Rooting 281VII. Plot Management 281A. Progeny Tests 281B. Clone Banks 282C. Seed Orchards 283VIII. Future Directions 283Literature Cited 2837. A Life in Horticulture and Plant Breeding: The Extraordinary Contributions of Jules Janick 291Irwin L Goldman and Rodomiro OrtizAbbreviations 292I. Introduction 292II. Honors and Commendations 297III. Students and Teaching 297IV. Editorial Work 299V. Books and Proceedings 303VI. Research 306A. Patents 307B. Book Chapters, Reviews and Introductions 307C. Journal Publications 310D. Popular and Extension Articles 320E. Book Reviews 329F. Encyclopaedia Articles 331VII. Public Addresses, Invited Seminars and Speeches 332VIII. Service Contributions 355IX. Epilogue 358Literature Cited 360Index