Physics for Scientists & Engineers, Volume 1 (Chapters 1-20)

About our authors Douglas C. Giancoli obtained his BA in physics (summa cum laude) from UC Berkeley, his MS in physics at MIT, and his PhD in elementary particle physics back at UC Berkeley. He spent 2 years as a post-doctoral fellow at UC Berkeley's Virus lab developing skills in molecular biology and biophysics. His mentors include Nobel winners Emilio Segre and Donald Glaser. He has taught a wide range of undergraduate courses, traditional as well as innovative ones, and continues to update his textbooks meticulously, seeking ways to better provide an understanding of physics for students. Doug's favorite spare-time activity is the outdoors, especially climbing peaks. He says climbing peaks is like learning physics: it takes effort and the rewards are great.

• Physics for Scientists & Engineers is available in the following versions: Complete version contains 44 Chapters including 9 Chapters of modern physicsClassic version contains 37 Chapters, 35 on classical physics, plus one each on relativity and quantum theory3 Volume version: Available separately or packaged together. Volume 1: Chapters 1-20 on mechanics, including fluids, oscillations, waves, plus heat and thermodynamics.Volume 2: Chapters 21-35 on electricity and magnetism, plus light and optics.Volume 3: Chapters 36-44 on modern physics: relativity, quantum theory, atomic physics, condensed matter, nuclear physics, elementary particles, cosmology and astrophysics.Sections marked with a star * may be considered optional. Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 1.1 How Science Works1.2 Models, Theories, and Laws1.3 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures1.4 Units, Standards, and the SI System1.5 Converting Units1.6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating*1.7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension 2.1 Reference Frames and Displacement2.2 Average Velocity2.3 Instantaneous Velocity2.4 Acceleration2.5 Motion at Constant Acceleration2.6 Solving Problems2.7 Freely Falling Objects*2.8 Variable Acceleration; Integral Calculus Kinematics in Two or Three Dimensions; Vectors 3.1 Vectors and Scalars3.2 Addition of Vectors--Graphical Methods3.3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar3.4 Adding Vectors by Components3.5 Unit Vectors3.6 Vector Kinematics3.7 Projectile Motion3.8 Solving Problems Involving Projectile Motion3.9 Relative Velocity Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion 4.1 Force4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion4.3 Mass4.4 Newton's Second Law of Motion4.5 Newton's Third Law of Motion4.6 Weight--the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force4.7 Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams4.8 Problem Solving--A General Approach Using Newton's Laws: Friction, Circular Motion, Drag Forces 5.1 Using Newton's Laws with Friction5.2 Uniform Circular Motion--Kinematics5.3 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion5.4 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked5.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion*5.6 Velocity-Dependent Forces: Drag and Terminal Velocity Gravitation and Newton's Synthesis 6.1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation6.2 Vector Form of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation6.3 Gravity Near the Earth's Surface6.4 Satellites and "Weightlessness"6.5 Planets, Kepler's Laws, and Newton's Synthesis6.6 Moon Rises an Hour Later Each Day6.7 Types of Forces in Nature*6.8 Gravitational Field*6.9 Principle of Equivalence; Curvature of Space; Black Holes Work and Energy 7.1 Work Done by a Constant Force7.2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors7.3 Work Done by a Varying Force7.4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle Conservation of Energy 8.1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces8.2 Potential Energy8.3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation8.4 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy8.5 The Law of Conservation of Energy8.6 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems8.7 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity8.8 Power8.9 Potential Energy Diagrams; Stable and Unstable Equilibrium*8.10 Gravitational Assist (Slingshot) Linear Momentum 9.1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force9.2 Conservation of Momentum9.3 Collisions and Impulse9.4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions9.5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension9.6 Inelastic Collisions9.7 Collisions in 2 or 3 Dimensions9.8 Center of Mass (cm)9.9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion*9.10 Systems of Variable Mass; Rocket Propulsion Rotational Motion 10.1 Angular Quantities10.2 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities10.3 Constant Angular Acceleration10.4 Torque10.5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia10.6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics10.7 Determining Moments of Inertia10.8 Rotational Kinetic Energy10.9 Rotational plus Translational Motion; Rolling*10.10 Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down? Angular Momentum; General Rotation 11.1 Angular Momentum-- Objects Rotating About a Fixed Axis11.2 Vector Cross Product; Torque as a Vector11.3 Angular Momentum of a Particle11.4 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles; General Motion11.5 Angular Momentum and Torque for a Rigid Object11.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum*11.7 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope11.8 Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces*11.9 The Coriolis Effect Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture 12.1 The Conditions for Equilibrium12.2 Solving Statics Problems*12.3 Applications to Muscles and Joints12.4 Stability and Balance12.5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain12.6 Fracture*12.7 Trusses and Bridges*12.8 Arches and Domes Fluids 13.1 Phases of Matter13.2 Density and Specific Gravity13.3 Pressure in Fluids13.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure13.5 Pascal's Principle13.6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer13.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle13.8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity13.9 Bernoulli's Equation13.10 Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow13.11 Viscosity*13.12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation, Blood Flow*13.13 Surface Tension and Capillarity*13.14 Pumps, and the Heart Oscillations 14.1 Oscillations of a Spring14.2 Simple Harmonic Motion14.3 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator14.4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion14.5 The Simple Pendulum*14.6 The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum14.7 Damped Harmonic Motion14.8 Forced Oscillations; Resonance Wave Motion 15.1 Characteristics of Wave Motion15.2 Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal15.3 Energy Transported by Waves15.4 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave*15.5 The Wave Equation15.6 The Principle of Superposition15.7 Reflection and Transmission15.8 Interference15.9 Standing Waves; Resonance15.10 Refraction15.11 Diffraction Sound 16.1 Characteristics of Sound16.2 Mathematical Representation of Longitudinal Waves16.3 Intensity of Sound: Decibels16.4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns*16.5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition16.6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats16.7 Doppler Effect*16.8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom*16.9 Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and the Ideal Gas Law 17.1 Atomic Theory of Matter17.2 Temperature and Thermometers17.3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics17.4 Thermal Expansion*17.5 Thermal Stresses17.6 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature17.7 The Ideal Gas Law17.8 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law17.9 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number*17.10 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale-- a Standard Kinetic Theory of Gases 18.1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature18.2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds18.3 Real Gases and Changes of Phase18.4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity18.5 Temperature of Water Decrease with Altitude18.6 Van der Waals Equation of State18.7 Mean Free Path18.8 Diffusion Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 19.1 Heat as Energy Transfer19.2 Internal Energy19.3 Specific Heat19.4 Calorimetry--Solving Problems19.5 Latent Heat19.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics19.7 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law19.8 Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy19.9 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas19.10 Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation Second Law of Thermodynamics 20.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics--Introduction20.2 Heat Engines20.3 The Carnot Engine; Reversible and Irreversible Processes20.4 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps20.5 Entropy20.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics20.7 Order to Disorder20.8 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death20.9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law*20.10 Thermodynamic Temperature; Third Law of Thermodynamics20.11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources Electric Charge and Electric Field 21.1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation21.2 Electric Charge in the Atom21.3 Insulators and Conductors21.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope21.5 Coulomb's Law21.6 The Electric Field21.7 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions21.8 Field Lines21.9 Electric Fields and Conductors21.10 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field21.11 Electric Dipoles*21.12 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication Gauss's Law 22.1 Electric Flux22.2 Gauss's Law22.3 Applications of Gauss's Law*22.4 Experimental Basis of Gauss's and Coulomb's Laws Electric Potential 23.1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference23.2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field23.3 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges23.4 Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution23.5 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces23.6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment23.7 E→Determined from V23.8 Electrostatic Potential Energy; the Electron Volt23.9 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage*23.10 TV and Computer Monitors*23.11 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy Storage 24.1 Capacitors24.2 Determination of Capacitance24.3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel24.4 Storage of Electric Energy24.5 Dielectrics*24.6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics Electric Current and Resistance 25.1 The Electric Battery25.2 Electric Current25.3 Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors25.4 Resistivity25.5 Electric Power25.6 Power in Household Circuits25.7 Alternating Current25.8 Microscopic View of Electric Current*25.9 Superconductivity*25.10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System DC Circuits 26.1 EMF and Terminal Voltage26.2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel26.3 Kirchhoff's Rules26.4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery26.5 RC Circuits --Resistor and Capacitor in Series26.6 Electric Hazards and Safety26.7 Ammeters and Voltmeters--Measurement Affects Quantity Measured Magnetism 27.1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields27.2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields27.3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B→27.4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field27.5 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Dipole Moment27.6 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers, Galvanometers27.7 Discovery and Properties of the Electron27.8 The Hall Effect27.9 Mass Spectrometer Sources of Magnetic Field 28.1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire28.2 Force between Two Parallel Wires28.3 Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb28.4 Ampère's Law28.5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid28.6 Biot-Savart Law28.7 Magnetic Field Due to a Single Moving Charge28.8 Magnetic Materials--Ferromagnetism28.9 Electromagnets and Solenoids--Applications28.10 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; Hysteresis*28.11 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law 29.1 Induced EMF29.2 Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law29.3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor29.4 Electric Generators29.5 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents29.6 Transformers and Transmission of Power29.7 A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field*29.8 Information Storage: Magnetic and Semiconductor*29.9 Applications of Induction: Microphone, Seismograph, GFCI Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, and AC Circuits 30.1 Mutual Inductance30.2 Self-Inductance; Inductors30.3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field30.4 LR Circuits30.5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations30.6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)30.7 AC Circuits and Reactance30.8 LRC Series AC Circuit; Phasor Diagrams30.9 Resonance in AC Circuits30.10 Impedance Matching*30.11 Three-Phase AC Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 31.1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Displacement Current31.2 Gauss's Law for Magnetism31.3 Maxwell's Equations31.4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves31.5 Electromagnetic Waves, and Their Speed, Derived from Maxwell's Equations31.6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum31.7 Measuring the Speed of Light31.8 Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector31.9 Radiation Pressure31.10 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication Light: Reflection and Refraction 32.1 The Ray Model of Light32.2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror32.3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors32.4 Seeing Yourself in a Magnifying Mirror (Concave)32.5 Convex (Rearview) Mirrors32.6 Index of Refraction32.7 Refraction: Snell's Law32.8 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion32.9 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics*32.10 Refraction at a Spherical Surface Lenses and Optical Instruments 33.1 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing and Focal Length33.2 The Thin Lens Equation33.3 Combinations of Lenses33.4 Lensmaker's Equation33.5 Cameras: Film and Digital33.6 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses33.7 Magnifying Glass33.8 Telescopes33.9 Compound Microscope33.10 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors The Wave Nature of Light: Interference and Polarization 34.1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens' Principle and Diffraction34.2 Huygens' Principle and the Law of Refraction34.3 Interference--Young's Double-Slit Experiment34.4 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern34.5 Interference in Thin Films34.6 Michelson Interferometer34.7 Polarization*34.8 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)*34.9 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere34.10 Lumens, Luminous Flux, and Luminous Intensity*34.11 Efficiency of Lightbulbs Diffraction 35.1 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk35.2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern35.3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment35.4 Interference vs. Diffraction35.5 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures35.6 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit35.7 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification35.8 Diffraction Grating35.9 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy*35.10 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating35.11 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction*35.12 X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan)*35.13 Specialty Microscopes and Contrast The Special Theory of Relativity 36.1 Galilean.Newtonian Relativity36.2 The Michelson.Morley Experiment36.3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity36.4 Simultaneity36.5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox36.6 Length Contraction36.7 Four-Dimensional Space.Time36.8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformations36.9 Relativistic Momentum36.10 The Ultimate Speed36.11 E = mc2; Mass and Energy36.12 Doppler Shift for Light36.13 The Impact of Special Relativity Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom 37.1 Blackbody Radiation; Planck's Quantum Hypothesis37.2 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect37.3 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon37.4 Compton Effect37.5 Photon Interactions; Pair Production37.6 Wave.Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity37.7 Wave Nature of Matter37.8 Electron Microscopes37.9 Early Models of the Atom37.10 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom37.11 The Bohr Model37.12 de Broglie's Hypothesis Applied to Atoms Quantum Mechanics 38.1 Quantum Mechanics--A New Theory38.2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment38.3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle38.4 Philosophic Implications; Probability Versus Determinism38.5 The Schrödinger Equation in One Dimension-- Time-Independent Form*38.6 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation38.7 Free Particles; Plane Waves and Wave Packets38.8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep Square Well Potential (a Rigid Box)38.9 Finite Potential Well38.10 Tunneling through a Barrier Quantum Mechanics of Atoms 39.1 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms39.2 Hydrogen Atom: Schrödinger Equation and Quantum Numbers39.3 Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions39.4 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle39.5 Periodic Table of Elements39.6 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number*39.7 Magnetic Dipole Moment; Total Angular Momentum39.8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence39.9 Lasers*39.10 Holography Molecules and Solids 40.1 Bonding in Molecules40.2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules40.3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds40.4 Molecular Spectra40.5 Bonding in Solids40.6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy40.7 Band Theory of Solids40.8 Semiconductors and Doping40.9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs40.10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs40.11 Integrated Circuits, 14-nm Technology Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 41.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus41.2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces41.3 Radioactivity41.4 Alpha Decay41.5 Beta Decay41.6 Gamma Decay41.7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws41.8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay41.9 Decay Series41.10 Radioactive Dating41.11 Detection of Particles Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation 42.1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements42.2 Cross Section42.3 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors42.4 Nuclear Fusion42.5 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage42.6 Measurement of Radiation--Dosimetry*42.7 Radiation Therapy*42.8 Tracers in Research and Medicine*42.9 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT*42.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR); Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Elementary Particles 43.1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators43.2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics--Particle Exchange43.3 Particles and Antiparticles43.4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws43.5 Neutrinos43.6 Particle Classification43.7 Particle Stability and Resonances43.8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model43.9 Quarks43.10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory43.11 Grand Unified Theories43.12 Strings and Supersymmetry Astrophysics and Cosmology 44.1 Stars and Galaxies44.2 Stellar Evolution: Birth and Death of Stars, Nucleosynthesis44.3 Distance Measurements44.4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space44.5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble's Law44.6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background44.7 The Standard Cosmological Model: Early History of the Universe44.8I nflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure44.9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy44.10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe44.11 Gravitational Waves--LIGO44.12 Finally . . . APPENDICES A. Mathematical FormulasB. Derivatives and IntegralsC. Numerical IntegrationD. More on Dimensional AnalysisE. Gravitational Force Due to a Spherical Mass DistributionF. Differential Form of Maxwell's EquationsG. Selected Isotopes