Photosynthesis, Productivity, and Environmental Stress

ABOUT THE EDITORS PARVAIZ AHMAD, Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Botany, S. P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. MOHAMMAD ABASS AHANGER, College of Life Science, NorthWest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China. MOHAMMED NASSER ALYEMENI, Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PRAVEJ ALAM, Department of Biology, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharaj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xviiAbout the Editors xxi1 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Photosynthesis 1Rupal Singh Tomar, Bhupendra Singh, and Anjana Jajoo1.1 Introduction to Organic Pollutants 11.2 Characteristics of the Organic Pollutants 31.3 Sources of Organic Pollutants 31.4 Uptake and Accumulation of Organic Pollutants in Plants 41.5 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Plant Growth 51.6 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Photosynthesis 71.6.1 Effects of Pesticides on the Light Reactions 71.6.2 Effects of Pesticides on the Dark Reactions 91.6.3 Effects of Antibiotics on the Light Reactions 111.6.4 Effects of Antibiotics on the Dark Reactions 131.6.5 Effects of Bisphenol A on the Light Reactions 131.6.6 Effects of Bisphenol A on the Dark Reactions 141.6.7 Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Light Reactions 141.6.8 Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Dark Reactions 161.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 17References 182 Cold Stress and Photosynthesis 27Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury2.1 Introduction 272.2 Primary Targets of Cold Stress in Plants 272.3 Cold Stress Distorts the Chloroplast Membrane Integrity 282.4 Cold Stress Damages the Photosynthetic Apparatus 282.5 Cold Stress Affects Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fixation 312.6 Strategies to Ameliorate Cold Stress and Improve Photosynthesis 322.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 33Acknowledgements 33References 333 High‐Temperature Stress and Photosynthesis Under Pathological Impact 39Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, Sema Karakas, and Parvaiz Ahmad3.1 Introduction 393.2 High‐Temperature Stress on Crop Plants 413.3 High‐Temperature Stress on Photosynthesis Mechanisms 433.4 Impact of Pathogens on Photosynthesis Mechanisms Under Temperature Stress 453.5 Genomic, Biochemical, and Physiological Approaches for Crop Plants Under Temperature and Pathogenic Stresses 513.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 55References 554 Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis 65Rinukshi Wimalasekera4.1 Introduction 654.2 Characteristics of Light 664.2.1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) 664.3 Light Absorption and Pigments 674.3.1 Dissipation of Excess Light Energy 674.3.2 Photoinhibition 684.4 Light Absorption by Leaves 684.4.1 Light Absorption and the Anatomy, Morphology, and Biochemical Characteristics of Leaves 684.4.2 Light‐Mediated Leaf Movement 694.4.3 Light Absorption by Sun and Shade Adapted Leaves 694.5 Light and Photosynthetic Responses 704.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 70References 715 Regulation of Water Status, Chlorophyll Content, Sugar, and Photosynthesis in Maize Under Salinity by Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 75Yachana Jha5.1 Introduction 755.2 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 765.3 Isolation and Identification of Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 775.4 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Maize Under Salinity 785.5 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Regulating Chlorophyll Content 795.6 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Regulating Relative Water Content 805.7 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Regulating Stomatal Behavior 825.8 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain Photosynthesis to Regulate Soluble Sugar by Altering Vascular Tissue 835.9 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Accumulating Various Osmoprotectants 845.10 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Regulating Sugar Biosynthesis 875.11 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Reducing Ethylene Biosynthesis 885.12 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Inducing Various Signaling Molecule 895.13 Conclusion 90References 906 Regulation of Photosynthesis Under Metal Stress 95Mumtaz Khan, Neeha Nawaz, Ifthekhar Ali, Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Rizwan, Parvaiz Ahmad, and Shafaqat Ali6.1 Introduction 956.2 Effects of Metals on Photosynthesis 966.2.1 Reduction in CO2 Stomatal Conductance and Mesophyll Transport 966.2.2 Inhibition of Biosynthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments 976.2.3 Changes in Leaf Morphology and Chloroplast Ultrastructure 976.2.4 Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species 986.2.5 Metal‐Induced Hormonal Changes 986.2.6 Alterations in Photosynthetic Enzymes 996.3 Mechanisms of Photosynthesis Regulation under Metal Stress 996.3.1 Cell Signaling and Growth Hormones 996.3.2 Avoiding and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species 1006.3.3 Interconversion of Chlorophylls 1016.3.4 Role of Alleviatory Agents in Photosynthesis Regulation 1016.3.5 Photosynthesis Regulation Through Overexpression of Genes 1026.4 Conclusions 102References 1027 Heavy Metals and Photosynthesis: Recent Developments 107Zahra Souri, Amanda A. Cardoso, Cristiane J. da‐Silva, Letuzia M. de Oliveira, Biswanath Dari, Debjani Sihi, and Naser Karimi7.1 Introduction 1077.2 Heavy Metals and Hyperaccumulation 1097.2.1 Characteristics of Hyperaccumulator Plants 1107.2.2 Hyperaccumulation and Photosynthesis 1127.3 Heavy Metals and Chloroplast Structure 1137.4 Heavy Metals and Gas‐Exchange 1157.5 Heavy Metals and Photosynthetic Pigments 1157.6 Heavy Metals and Photosystems (PSI and PSII) 1177.7 Heavy Metals and Key Photosynthetic Enzymes 1207.8 Heavy Metals and Antioxidant Defense Mechanism of the Photosynthetic System 1217.9 Conclusion and Further Prospects 123References 1258 Toward Understanding the Regulation of Photosynthesis under Abiotic Stresses: Recent Developments 135Syed Sarfraz Hussain8.1 Introduction: Abiotic Stresses, Photosynthesis and Plant Productivity 1358.1.1 Impact of Abiotic Stress on the Photosynthetic System of Plants 1378.1.2 Drought Stress 1378.1.3 Salinity Stress 1398.1.4 Cold Stress 1428.1.5 Heat Stress 1448.2 Overexpression of Photosynthesis Related Genes and Transcription Factors 1458.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 146References 1479 Current Understanding of the Regulatory Roles of miRNAs for Enhancing Photosynthesis in Plants Under Environmental Stresses 163Syed Sarfraz Hussain, Meeshaw Hussain, Muhammad Irfan, and Bujun Shi9.1 Introduction: Interaction Between miRNAs and Plant Growth/Functional Diversity of miRNAs and Their Impact in Plant Growth 1639.2 miRNAs Involved in Photosynthesis and Other Downstream Biological Processes 1659.3 Abiotic Stresses Drastically Affect Photosynthesis and Plant Productivity 1669.4 Genome Wide miRNA Profiling Under Abiotic Stresses 1689.5 Functional Characterization of miRNAs Associated with Photosynthesis 1709.6 miRNAs and Shoot/Tiller Development 1729.7 miRNAs in Root Development 1739.8 miRNAs in Controlling Stomatal Density 1759.9 miRNAs in Hormone Signaling 1759.10 miRNAs in Controlling Nodule Development in Leguminous Crops 1769.11 Conclusion and Future Perspective 177References 17810 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Secondary Metabolites for Proper Photosynthesis in Maize Under Stress 197Yachana Jha10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Isolation and Inoculation of Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 19810.2.1 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Nutrients for Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis 20010.2.2 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Chlorophyll Content for Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis 20110.2.3 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Carbon/Sugar Metabolites for Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis 20310.2.4 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolites for Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis 20610.2.5 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis Under Biotic Stress 20710.2.6 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stress 20710.2.7 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression for Secondary Metabolites Production and Photosynthesis 20810.3 Conclusion 210References 21011 Role of Plant Hormones in Improving Photosynthesis 215Belur Satyan Kumudini and Savita Veeranagouda Patil11.1 Introduction 21511.2 Phytohormones: Watchdogs of Plant Growth and Development 21611.2.1 Auxins 21611.2.2 Gibberellins or Gibberellic Acids 21711.2.3 Cytokinins 21711.2.4 Ethylene 21811.2.5 Abscisic Acid 21811.2.6 Jasmonic Acid 22011.2.7 Salicylic Acid 22011.2.8 Brassinosteroids 22011.2.9 Strigolactones 22111.3 Photosynthesis 22111.3.1 Role of Plant Hormones in Photosynthesis 22211.4 Phytohormones and Abiotic Stress Tolerance vis‐a‐vis Photosynthesis 22311.4.1 Heavy Metals 22311.4.2 Salinity 22411.4.3 Drought 22511.5 Deciphering the Role of Phytohormones in Perceiving Photosynthesis During Biotic Stress 22511.6 Interplay Between the Phytohormones to Facilitate Photosynthesis Under Stress 22711.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 228Acknowledgments 228References 22812 Promising Monitoring Techniques for Plant Science: Thermal and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging 241Aykut Saglam, Laury Chaerle, Dominique Van Der Straeten, and Roland ValckeAbbreviations 24112.1 Introduction 24112.2 Thermal Imaging 24212.2.1 Plant Water Status and Drought Stress 24312.2.2 Salt Stress 24512.2.3 Herbicide Stress 24512.2.4 Air Humidity and Air Pollutants 24512.2.5 Ice Nucleation and Freezing 24612.2.6 Plant–Pathogen Interactions 24712.2.7 Herbivory Effects 24912.3 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging 24912.3.1 Drought Stress 25112.3.2 Light Stress 25212.3.3 Herbicide Stress 25212.3.4 Air Pollutants 25412.3.5 Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity 25512.3.6 Pathogen Effects 25612.3.7 Herbivory Effects 25812.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 259References 26013 Introgression of C4 Pathway Gene(s) in C3 Plants to Improve Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation for Crop Improvement: A Biotechnological Approach 267Sonam Yadav and Avinash Mishra13.1 Introduction 26713.2 Carbon Assimilation 26813.2.1 CO2 Assimilation in C3 Plants: Photorespiration a Major Constraint 26813.2.2 CO2 Assimilation in C4 Plants: Efficient Photosynthesis 26913.2.3 C3 vs. C4 Plants 27113.3 Evolution of C4 Metabolism in Higher Plants 27113.3.1 Environmental Imperatives/Obligations 27213.3.2 Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis Gene(s) 27213.4 Effect of Elevated CO2 on C3 and C4 Plants 27313.5 Ectopic Expression of C4 Photosynthesis Genes in C3 Plants 27413.5.1 Single Gene Introgression 27413.5.2 Double Gene Introgression 27513.6 Conclusion 275Acknowledgment 276References 27614 Interaction of Photosynthesis, Productivity, and Environment 283Ulduza Ahmad Gurbanova, Tofig Idris Allahverdiyev, Hasan Garib Babayev, Shahnigar Mikayil Bayramov, and Irada Mammad Huseynova14.1 Introduction 28314.2 Plant Materials 28614.3 Effect of Drought Stress on Some Physiological Traits, Yield, and Yield Components of Durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and Bread (Triticum aestivum L.) Wheat Genotypes 28614.4 Subcellular Localization of the NADP‐Malic Enzyme and NAD‐Malic Enzyme Activity in the Leaves of the Wheat Genotypes Under Soil Drought Conditions 29914.5 Physico‐Chemical Parameters of NADP‐Malic Enzyme and NAD‐Malic Enzyme in the Leaves of the Barakatli 95 and Garagylchyg 2 Genotypes Under Soil Drought Conditions 30214.6 Conclusion 310Acknowledgement 311References 311Index 315