Photomechanical Materials, Composites, and Systems

Timothy J. White, PhD, lives and works in Dayton, OH. Dr. White is a leading researcher in the soft materials community, recently recognized by awards from the MRS, ACS, and SPIE. His research has generally focused on photoinduced effects in materials. Dr. White has published more than 100 peer-reviewed papers.

• List of Contributors xiPreface xv1 A Historical Overview of Photomechanical Effects in Materials, Composites, and Systems 1Toru Ube and Tomiki Ikeda1.1 Introduction 1References 252 Photochromism in the Solid State 37Oleksandr S. Bushuyev and Christopher J. Barrett2.1 Molecular Photoswitches in the Solid State 372.2 Molecular and Macroscopic Motion of Azobenzene Chromophores 392.3 Photomechanical Effects 412.4 Solid-State Photochromic Molecular Machines 542.5 Surface Mass Transport and Phase Change Effects 622.6 Photochromic Reactions in Framework Architectures 652.7 Summary and Outlook 68References 693 Photomechanics: Bend, Curl, Topography, and Topology 79Daniel Corbett, Carl D. Modes, and Mark Warner3.1 The Photomechanics of Liquid-Crystalline Solids 813.2 Photomechanics and Its Mechanisms 823.3 A Sketch of Macroscopic Mechanical Response in LC Rubbers and Glasses 923.4 Photo- and Heat-Induced Topographical and Topological Changes 973.5 Continuous Director Variation, Part 1 973.6 Mechanico-Geometric Effects, Part 1 1003.7 Continuous Director Variation, Part 2 1003.8 Continuous Director Variation, Part 3 1033.9 Mechanico-Geometric Effects, Part 2 1063.10 Director Fields with Discontinuities–Advanced Origami! 1073.11 Mechanico-Geometric Consequences of Nonisometric Origami 1103.12 Conclusions 110References 1124 Photomechanical Effects in Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers 117Jeong JaeWie4.1 Introduction 1174.2 Polymeric Materials 1194.3 The Amorphous Polymer State 1194.4 The Semicrystalline Polymer State 1214.5 Absorption Processes 1244.6 Photomechanical Effects in Amorphous and Semicrystalline Azobenzene-Functionalized Polymers 1264.7 Molecular Alignment 1324.8 Annealing and Aging 1384.9 Sub-Tg SegmentalMobility 1424.10 Cross-Link Density 1454.11 Concluding Remarks 146References 1485 Photomechanical Effects in Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Networks and Elastomers 153Timothy J. White5.1 Introduction 1535.2 Optically Responsive Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks 1595.3 Literature Survey 1655.4 Outlook and Conclusion 169References 1716 Photomechanical Effects in Polymer Nanocomposites 179Balaji Panchapakesan, Farhad Khosravi, James Loomis, and Eugene M. Terentjev6.1 Introduction 1796.2 Photomechanical Actuation in Polymer–Nanotube Composites 1806.3 Fast Relaxation of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Composite Actuators 1866.4 Highly Oriented Nanotubes for Photomechanical Response and Flexible Energy Conversion 1916.5 Photomechanical Actuation Based on 2-D Nanomaterial (Graphene)–Polymer Composites 2056.6 Applications of Photomechanical Actuation in Nanopositioning 2136.7 Future Outlook 224Acknowledgments 225References 2257 Photomechanical Effects in Photochromic Crystals 233Lingyan Zhu, Fei Tong, Rabih O. Al-Kaysi, and Christopher J. Bardeen7.1 Introduction 2337.2 General Principles for Organic Photomechanical Materials 2347.3 History and Background 2347.4 Modes of Mechanical Action 2407.5 Photomechanical Molecular Crystal Systems 2427.6 Future Directions 2607.7 Conclusion 264Acknowledgments 264References 2648 Photomechanical Effects in Piezoelectric Ceramics 275Kenji Uchino8.1 Introduction 2758.2 Photovoltaic Effect 2768.3 Photostrictive Effect 2888.4 Photostrictive Device Applications 2948.5 Concluding Remarks 299References 3009 Switching Surface Topographies Based on Liquid Crystal Network Coatings 303Danqing Liu and Dirk J. Broer9.1 Introduction 3039.2 Liquid Crystal Networks 3049.3 Conclusions 322References 32210 Photoinduced Shape Programming 327Taylor H.Ware10.1 One-Way Shape Memory 32910.2 Two-Way Shape Memory 34310.3 Summary and Outlook 358References 35811 Photomechanical Effects to Enable Devices 369M. Ravi Shankar11.1 Introduction 36911.2 Analog Photomechanical Actuators 37111.3 Discrete-State (Digital) Photomechanical Actuators 37311.4 Photomechanical Mechanisms and Machines 387References 38812 Photomechanical Effects in Materials, Composites, and Systems: Outlook and Future Challenges 393Timothy J.White12.1 Introduction 39312.2 Outlook and Challenges 39312.3 Conclusion 401References 401Index 405