Efficiency of Biomass Energy

An Exergy Approach to Biofuels, Power, and Biorefineries

Inbunden, Engelska, 2016

Av Krzysztof J. Ptasinski, Krzysztof J Ptasinski

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Details energy and exergy efficiencies of all major aspects of bioenergy systems Covers all major bioenergy processes starting from photosynthesis and cultivation of biomass feedstocks and ending with final bioenergy products, like power, biofuels, and chemicalsEach chapter includes historical developments, chemistry, major technologies, applications as well as energy, environmental and economic aspects in order to serve as an introduction to biomass and bioenergyA separate chapter introduces a beginner in easy accessible way to exergy analysis and the similarities and differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are underlinedIncludes case studies and illustrative examples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biofuels production, power and heat generation (thermal plants, fuel cells, boilers), and biorefineries Traditional fossil fuels-based technologies are also described in order to compare with the corresponding bioenergy systems

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2016-07-19
Mått216 x 282 x 48 mm
Vikt1 996 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor784
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781118702109

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Krzysztof J. Ptasinski, Ph.D., D.Sc., has over 40 years of experience in academic teaching and research in chemical engineering and energy technology. He has held appointments at the Eindhoven University of Technology and the University of Twente (the Netherlands) as well as the Warsaw University of Technology and as visiting professor at the Silesian University of Technology (Poland). His pioneering research on application of exergy analysis to biomass and bioenergy is internationally acclaimed. He is the author and co-author of more than 200 publications, including 19 book chapters and 75 research papers. Currently he serves as an Executive Editor Biomass and Bioenergy – Energy, The International Journal.

Preface xvAcknowledgments xixAbout the Author xxiPART I | Background and OutlineChapter 1 | Bioenergy Systems: An Overview 31.1 Energy and the Environment 31.2 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source 131.3 Biomass Conversion Processes 221.4 Utilization of Biomass 271.5 Closing Remarks 34References 34Chapter 2 | Exergy Analysis 372.1 Sustainability and Efficiency 372.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes 422.3 Exergy Concept 522.4 Exergetic Evaluation of Processes and Technologies 672.5 Renewability of Biofuels 812.6 Closing Remarks 86References 86PART II | Biomass Production and ConversionChapter 3 | Photosynthesis 933.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview 933.2 Exergy of Thermal Radiation 993.3 Exergy Analysis of Photosynthesis 1063.4 Global Photosynthesis 1163.5 Closing Remarks 120References 120Chapter 4 | Biomass Production 1234.1 Overview 1234.2 Efficiency of Solar Energy Capture 1334.3 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Cultivation and Harvesting 1404.4 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Logistics 1464.5 Closing Remarks 150References 150Chapter 5 | Thermochemical Conversion: Gasification 1535.1 Gasification: An Overview 1535.2 Gasification of Carbon 1715.3 Gasification of Biomass 1835.4 Gasification of Typical Fuels 1915.5 Closing Remarks 198References 198Chapter 6 | Gasification: Parametric Studies and Gasification Systems 2036.1 Effect of Fuel Chemical Composition on Gasification Performance 2036.2 Effect of Biomass Moisture Content, Gasification Pressure, and Heat Addition on Gasification Performance 2116.3 Improvement of Gasification Exergetic Efficiency 2156.4 Gasification Efficiency Using Equilibrium versus Nonequilibrium Models 2306.4.1 Quasi-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Models 2316.4.2 Comparison of Gasification Efficiency 2316.5 Performance of Typical Gasifiers 2336.5.1 Comparison of FICFB and Viking Gasifiers 2336.5.2 Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers for the Production of H2-Rich Syngas 2386.5.3 Downdraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 2416.5.4 Updraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 2426.6 Plasma Gasification 2446.6.1 Plasma Gasification Technology 2446.6.2 Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge 2446.7 Thermochemical Conversion in Sub- and Supercritical Water 2466.7.1 Conversion of Wet Biomass in Hot Compressed Water 2466.7.2 Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) 2476.7.3 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) under Subcritical Water Conditions 2516.8 Closing Remarks 253References 253PART III | Biofuels First-Generation BiofuelsChapter 7 | Biodiesel 2617.1 Biodiesel: An Overview 2617.1.1 Introduction 2617.1.2 Historical Development 2627.1.3 Chemistry 2637.1.4 Feedstocks 2657.1.5 Production Process 2667.1.6 Biodiesel as Transport Fuel 2687.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 2697.2 Biodiesel from Plant Oils 2727.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification 2727.2.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 2757.3 Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil 2787.3.1 Exergy Analysis of Biodiesel Production 2787.3.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 2817.4 Biodiesel from Microalgae 2817.4.1 Introduction 2817.4.2 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification of Algal Oil 2827.4.3 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain of Algal Biodiesel 2847.5 Closing Remarks 286References 286Chapter 8 | Bioethanol 2898.1 Bioethanol: An Overview 2898.1.1 Introduction 2898.1.2 Historical Development 2908.1.3 Ethanol as Transport Fuel 2918.1.4 Chemistry 2938.1.5 Bioethanol Production Methods 2958.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 3028.2 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 3058.2.1 Introduction 3058.2.2 Ethanol from Sugarcane 3068.2.3 Exergetic Performance of Sugarcane Ethanol Plants for Various Cogeneration Configurations 3108.2.4 Ethanol from Sugar Beets 3138.2.5 Renewability of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 3158.3 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Starchy Crops 3178.3.1 Introduction 3178.3.2 Corn Ethanol: Exergy Analysis 3178.3.3 Corn Ethanol: Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CExC) and Renewability 3198.3.4 Wheat Ethanol 3228.4 Exergy Analysis of Lignocellulosic Ethanol (Second Generation) 3238.4.1 Introduction 3238.4.2 Ethanol from Wood (NREL Process) 3248.4.3 Impact of Biomass Pretreatment and Process Configuration 3288.4.4 Comparison of Exergetic Efficiency 3308.4.5 Renewability of Lignocellulosic Ethanol from Tropical Tree Plantations 3318.5 Alternative Ethanol Processes 3328.5.1 Fossil Ethanol from Mineral Oil 3328.5.2 Ethanol via Water Electrolysis 3338.6 Closing Remarks 334References 334Second-Generation Liquid BiofuelsChapter 9 | Fischer–Tropsch Fuels 3419.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: An Overview 3419.1.1 Introduction 3419.1.2 Historical Development 3429.1.3 Process Chemistry 3439.1.4 Comparison of F-T Fuels to Conventional Transport Fuels 3459.1.5 Process Design 3469.1.6 Process Performance 3489.2 Exergy Analysis of Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Process 3519.2.1 Description of CTL Process 3519.2.2 Mass Balance and Energy Analysis 3539.2.3 Exergy Analysis 3549.3 Exergy Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Processes 3559.3.1 GTL Process with Tail Gas Recycling: Internal and External 3569.3.2 Impact of Reformer Temperature on GTL Efficiency: External Tail Gas Recycling 3619.4 Exergy Analysis of Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) Processes 3659.4.1 Introduction 3659.4.2 Once-Through F-T Process 3669.4.3 Impact of Biomass Feedstock on Process Efficiency 3739.4.4 Reforming and Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas 3779.4.5 Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas to Biomass Gasifier 3829.5 Closing Remarks 383References 383Chapter 10 | Methanol 38710.1 Methanol: An Overview 38710.1.1 Introduction 38710.1.2 Historical Development 38810.1.3 Chemistry 38910.1.4 Methanol as Transport Fuel 39010.1.5 Process Design 39210.1.6 Process Performance 39310.2 Methanol from Fossil Fuels 39610.2.1 Methanol from Natural Gas 39610.2.2 Methanol from Coal 40010.3 Methanol from Biomass 40510.3.1 Methanol from Waste Biomass (Sewage Sludge) 40510.3.2 Other Biomass-Based Methanol Processes 41310.4 Closing Remarks 414References 415Chapter 11 | Thermochemical Ethanol 41911.1 Thermochemical Ethanol: An Overview 41911.1.1 Introduction 41911.1.2 Process Chemistry 42011.1.3 Catalysts for Ethanol Synthesis 42211.1.4 Process Design 42311.1.5 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 42611.2 Exergy Analysis 42711.2.1 Process Description 42811.2.2 Mass and Energy Balances (Rh-Based Catalyst) 43111.2.3 Exergy Analysis (Rh-Based Catalyst) 43311.2.4 Impact of Ethanol Synthesis Catalyst (MoS2-Based Target Catalyst) 43511.2.5 Impact of Gasification Temperature 43811.3 Closing Remarks 439References 440Chapter 12 | Dimethyl Ether (DME) 44512.1 Dimethyl Ether: An Overview 44512.1.1 Introduction 44512.1.2 Historical Development 44612.1.3 Process Chemistry 44712.1.4 DME as Energy Carrier 44812.1.5 Production Technology 44912.1.6 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Aspects 45112.2 Dimethyl Ether from Fossil Fuels 45212.2.1 DME from Natural Gas 45212.2.2 DME from Coal 45812.2.3 DME from Co-Feed of Natural Gas and Coal 46212.3 Dimethyl Ether from Biomass 46212.3.1 DME via Indirect Steam Gasification 46212.3.2 Influence of Syngas Preparation Method on Process Efficiency 46812.4 Closing Remarks 472References 472Chapter 13 | Hydrogen 47513.1 Hydrogen: An Overview 47513.1.1 Introduction 47513.1.2 History: from Discovery to Hydrogen Economy 47613.1.3 Chemistry of Hydrogen Production 47713.1.4 Hydrogen Use 47913.1.5 Hydrogen Storage 48013.1.6 Production Methods 48113.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 48213.2 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 48513.2.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas 48513.2.2 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Natural Gas Processes 48913.2.3 Hydrogen-from-Coal Gasification 49013.2.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Coal Processes 49313.3 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Water Electrolysis 49413.3.1 Process Description 49413.3.2 Mass and Energy Balances 49513.3.3 Exergy Analysis 49513.4 Exergy Analysis of Future Hydrogen Production Processes 49613.4.1 Thermochemical Cycles 49713.4.2 Geothermal Energy 49913.4.3 Solar Energy 50013.5 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification 50113.5.1 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Wood 50113.5.2 Influence of Biomass Feedstocks on Exergetic Efficiency 50613.5.3 Influence of Gasification System Configurations on Exergetic Efficiency 50713.5.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Biomass Gasification 51113.6 Exergy Analysis of Biological Hydrogen Production 51213.6.1 Process Description 51213.6.2 Mass and Energy Balances 51413.6.3 Exergy Analysis 51513.7 Closing Remarks 517References 517Chapter 14 | Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) 52314.1 Substitute Natural Gas: An Overview 52314.1.1 Introduction 52314.1.2 Historical Development 52414.1.3 Chemistry of Methanation 52614.1.4 Natural Gas as Energy Carrier 52714.1.5 SNG Production Technology 52914.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 53014.2 SNG from Coal 53314.2.1 Description of Coal-to-SNG Process 53314.2.2 Process Modeling 53714.2.3 Mass and Energy Balances 53714.2.4 Exergy Analysis 53814.2.5 Overview of Coal-to-SNG Processes 54014.3 SNG from Biomass Gasification 54014.3.1 SNG via Wood Gasification 54014.3.2 Comparison of SNG Production from Various Biomass Feedstocks 55014.3.3 Overview of Biomass-to-SNG Processes 55514.4 Closing Remarks 555References 556PART IV | Bioenergy SystemsChapter 15 | Thermal Power Plants, Heat Engines, and Heat Production 56115.1 Biomass-Based Power and Heat Generation: An Overview 56115.1.1 Introduction 56115.1.2 Historical Development 56315.1.3 Technologies for Power Generation from Biomass 56415.1.4 Biofuels in Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 56715.1.5 Biomass Heating Systems 56815.1.6 Performance and Cost of Power Generation Systems 56915.1.7 Environmental Aspects 57115.2 Biomass Combustion Power Systems 57115.2.1 Introduction 57115.2.2 Biomass Steam Cogeneration Plant 57215.2.3 Externally Fired Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle 57515.2.4 Biomass-Fired Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) 58015.3 Biomass Gasification Power Systems 58415.3.1 Introduction 58415.3.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle (BIG/GT-CC) 58515.3.3 Improving Efficiency BIG/GT-CC Plants 58815.3.4 Biomass Integrated Gasification Internal Combustion Engine–Combined Cycle (BIG/ICE-CC) 58915.4 Comparison of Various Biomass-Fueled Power Plants 59115.4.1 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine Simple Cogeneration Cycles 59215.4.2 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine: Simple and Combined Cycles 59715.4.3 Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification CHP Plants 60215.5 Biomass-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 60815.5.1 Ethanol-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines 60915.5.2 Biodiesel-Fueled Compression-Ignition Engines 61015.5.3 Biofuel-Fired Gas Turbines 61215.6 Polygeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Chemicals 61515.6.1 Introduction 61515.6.2 Methanol Synthesis 61515.6.3 Ethanol Production 62115.7 Biomass Boilers and Heating Systems 62415.7.1 Introduction 62415.7.2 Biomass Boilers 62515.7.3 Energy Utilization in Buildings 62715.8 Closing Remarks 628References 628Chapter 16 | Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems 63316.1 Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems: An Overview 63316.1.1 Introduction 63316.1.2 Historical Development 63416.1.3 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 63516.1.4 Fuel Cell Types 63616.1.5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 63816.1.6 Overview of Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Configurations 64016.1.7 Energy Efficiency, Cost, and Environmental Impact 64216.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (BIG/SOFC) Systems 64216.2.1 Central Power Production Using BIG/SOFC/GT Systems 64316.2.2 Other Central Power Production Studies Using BIG/SOFC Systems 64716.2.3 Distributed Power Production Using BIG/SOFC Systems 64816.2.4 Integration of Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) with SOFC/GT Hybrid System 65016.3 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (BIG/PEMFC) Systems 65216.3.1 Distributed Combined Heat and Power Generation Based on Central Hydrogen Production 65216.3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Quality on Efficiency of Distributed CHP Systems 65916.4 Fuel Cell Systems Fed with Liquid Biofuels 66016.4.1 Introduction 66016.4.2 Maximum Electricity Obtainable from Various Fuels 66116.4.3 Integrated Fuel Processor–Fuel Cell (FP-FC) System 66316.4.4 Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Systems 66816.5 Closing Remarks 669References 669Chapter 17 | Biorefineries 67317.1 Biorefineries: An Overview 67317.1.1 Introduction 67317.1.2 Historical Development 67417.1.3 Chemical Value of Biomass 67517.1.4 Biorefinery Systems 67717.1.5 Biorefinery Technology 67917.2 Comparison of Various Biomass Utilization Routes 68117.2.1 Biomass Utilization Routes 68117.2.2 Power Generation 68217.2.3 Biofuels Production 68317.2.4 Chemical Biorefinery 68317.3 Exergy Inputs to Basic Biorefinery Steps 68417.3.1 Biorefinery Model 68417.3.2 Processing Simple Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 68617.3.3 Processing Complex Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 68617.3.4 Processing Fermentable Sugars into Ethanol 68817.3.5 Processing Ethanol into Ethylene 68917.3.6 Fatty Acids Processing 69017.3.7 Amino Acids Processing 69217.3.8 Lignin Processing 69517.3.9 Ash and Residuals Processing 69517.4 Optimal Biomass Crops as Biorefinery Feedstock 69617.4.1 Biomass versus Petrochemical Route for the Production of Bulk Chemicals 69617.4.2 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Biomass Route 69717.4.3 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Petrochemical Route 69817.4.4 Fossil Fuel Savings 69917.4.5 Optimal Crops for Biorefineries 69917.5 Closing Remarks 702References 702Postface 707AppendixesAppendix A – Conversion Factors 709Appendix B – Constants 711Appendix C – SI Prefixes 713Glossary of Selected Terms 715Notation 721Acknowledgments for Permission to Reproduce Copyrighted Material 729Author Index 733Subject Index 745