Neurologic Complications of Cancer
Inbunden, Engelska, 2008
Av Lisa M. DeAngelis, Jerome B. Posner, USA) DeAngelis, Lisa M. (Chair, Chair, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA) Posner, Jerome B. (Evelyn Frew American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Evelyn Frew American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
3 739 kr
Produktinformation
- Utgivningsdatum2008-10-16
- Mått257 x 163 x 27 mm
- Vikt1 809 g
- SpråkEngelska
- SerieContemporary Neurology Series
- Antal sidor656
- Upplaga2
- FörlagOUP USA
- EAN9780195366747
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- INTRODUCTIONRATIONALE for NEURO-ONCOLOGYNeurologic complications are commonNeurologic complications are increasingNeurologic complications are seriousDiagnosis is difficultTreatment helpsResearch is essentialBiologic relationship of nervous system to cancerCLASSIFICATION OF NEURO- ONCOLOGIC DISORDERSMetastasesNonmetastatic complicationsVascular disordersInfectionsMetabolic and Nutritional disordersSide Effects of Cancer Treatment"Remote Effects"-Paraneoplastic SyndromesAPPROACH TO THE PATIENTPatient with known cancerPatient without known cancerEVALUATING THE PATIENTRelevant scales2: Pathophysiology Of Nervous System MetastasesINTRODUCTIONPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE METASTATIC PROCESSTransformation and GrowthVascularization (Angiogenesis)InvasionIntravasation (blood vessels, lymph channels)CirculationArrest 1st capillary bed e.g. lung, liver, bonePassage to arterial circulationArrest final capillary bedTumor EmboliExtravasationDormancyGrowth in CNSCLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO NERVOUS SYSTEM METASTASISTumor Size and lymph node involvementProperties of MetastasesDifferences between a Primary Tumor and Its MetastasisSite of MetastasesHemodynamic hypothesis-relevance to nervous system metastasesSeed and soil hypothesis- relevance to nervous system metastasesSubtypesTiming of MetastasesThe Cascade ProcessPATHOPHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS RELEVANT TO SPREAD AND GROWTH OF CANCER TO SPECIFIC NEURAL STRUCTURESBrainSpinal CordVertebral metastasesForaminal invasionEpidural metastasesConsequences of spinal cord compressionLeptomeningesCranial and Peripheral Nerves3: Blood-Nervous System Barrier Dysfunction: Pathophysiology And TreatmentINTRODUCTIONANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYBlood-Brain BarrierBlood-Peripheral Nerve BarrierBlood-Cerebrospinal Fluid BarrierDISRUPTION OF BLOOD-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BARRIERSBrain EdemaOther Sources of DisruptionOther Substances Causing Blood-Brain Barrier BreakdownCONSEQUENCES OF BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DISRUPTION: INCREASED INTRACRANIALPRESSURE, PLATEAU WAVES, AND CEREBRAL HERNIATIONTreatment of Cerebral HerniationTRANSPORT OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ACROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIERRESTORATION OF BLOOD-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BARRIERSLowering Intracranial PressureCorticosteroidsBrain metastasesSpinal cord compressionCorticosteroids for other neurologic complications of cancerCorticosteroid taperMechanisms of corticosteroid action on blood-brain barrier4: Supportive Care and Its ComplicationsINTRODUCTIONEDEMA/GLUCOCORTICOIDSSalutary effects of corticosteroidsUnwanted side effects of corticosteroidsMYOPATHYBEHAVIORAL/COGNITIVE SIDE-EFFECTSINSOMNIAHYPERGLYCEMIABONE DISORDERSLIPOMATOSISVISUAL PROBLEMSGASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERSUlcerationBowel PerforationPneumatosis Cystoides IntestinalisColonic IleusConstipation/DiarrheaOTHER SIDE-EFFECTSDRUG INTERACTIONSCORTICOSTEROID WITHDRAWLSEIZURES/ANTICONVULSANTSIncidence and EpidemiologyTherapySTATUS EPILEPTICUSPROPHYLATIC ANTICONVULSANTSUNTOWARD EFFECTS of ANTICONVULSANTSDrug interactionsSide-effectsVENOUS THROMBOSIS/ANTICOAGULANTSPAIN/ANALGESIAOther Sources of DisruptionOther Substances Causing Blood-Brain Barrier BreakdownCONSEQUENCES OF BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DISRUPTION: INCREASED INTRACRANIALPRESSURE, PLATEAU WAVES, AND CEREBRAL HERNIATIONTreatment of Cerebral HerniationTRANSPORT OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ACROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIERRESTORATION OF BLOOD-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BARRIERSLowering Intracranial PressureCorticosteroidsBrain metastasesSpinal cord compressionCorticosteroids for other neurologic complications of cancerCorticosteroid taperMechanisms of corticosteroid action on blood-brain barrier4: Supportive Care and Its ComplicationsINTRODUCTIONEDEMA/GLUCOCORTICOIDSSalutary effects of corticosteroidsUnwanted side effects of corticosteroidsMYOPATHYBEHAVIORAL/COGNITIVE SIDE-EFFECTSINSOMNIAHYPERGLYCEMIABONE DISORDERSLIPOMATOSISVISUAL PROBLEMSGASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERSUlcerationBowel PerforationPneumatosis Cystoides IntestinalisColonic IleusConstipation/DiarrheaOTHER SIDE-EFFECTSDRUG INTERACTIONSCORTICOSTEROID WITHDRAWLSEIZURES/ANTICONVULSANTSIncidence and EpidemiologyTherapySTATUS EPILEPTICUSPROPHYLATIC ANTICONVULSANTSUNTOWARD EFFECTS of ANTICONVULSANTSDrug interactionsSide-effectsVENOUS THROMBOSIS/ANTICOAGULANTSPAIN/ANALGESIAPSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS/PSYCHTROPIC AGENTSFATIGUENAUSEA, VOMITING/ ANTI-EMETIC AGENTSINFECTION/ANTIBIOTICSINTENSIVE CARE/ COMMON AGENTS5: INTRACRANIAL METASTASESGENERAL PRINCIPLESINTRODUCTIONCLASSIFICATIONINCIDENCEBRAIN METASTASES (PARENCHYMAL)SourcePathophysiology of Neurologic Symptoms and SignsPathologyClinical FindingsSymptoms and SignsHeadacheFocal weaknessCognitive/behavioral impairmentSeizuresOther symptomsPresenting signsOnset of symptomsLaboratory findingsMRIBiopsyOther testsDifferential diagnosisApproach to patient without known cancerTreatmentSymptomatic treatmentCorticosteroidsRadiation TherapyWBRTRadiosurgeryInterstitial radiationProphylactic radiationRe-irradiationSurgeryChemotherapyPrognosisSPECIFIC TUMORSSmall-cell lung cancerNon-small-cell lung cancerBreastMelanomaRenalColonTestesGynocologicSarcomasHematologicUnknown primaryLESS COMMON SITES of INTRACRANIAL METASTASESCalvariumDuraPinealChoroidPituitary6: SPINAL METASTASESINTRODUCTIONEPIDURAL METASTASESFrequencyBiology of epidural metastasesPathophysiology of symptoms and signsPathologyClinical findingsPainLocal painMechanical instabilityRadicular painReferred and funicular painWeaknessUpper motor neuron weaknessLower motor neuron weaknessSensory lossLhermitte signAutonomic dysfunctionAtaxiaUnusual symptoms and signsLaboratory examinationPlain x-raysRadionuclide bone scansCTPositron emission tomographyMRIMyelographyDifferential diagnosisEpidural hemorrhageEpidural abscessHerniated diskOther epidural massesTreatmentCorticosteroidsHyperosmolar agentsHormonal and chemotherapeutic agentsRadiation therapyPrinciplesPrognosisRadiosurgeryRe-irradiationBack braces and bed restSurgeryIndications for surgeryDecision-making and epidural spinal cord compressionSpecific tumorsProstate cancerBreast cancerLymphoma/myelomaLung cancerOther cancersINTRADURAL and INTRAMEDULLARY METASTASESDiagnosisTreatment7: Leptomeningeal MetastasesINTRODUCTIONFREQUENCYBIOLOGY OF LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASESPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSHydrocephalusParenchymal InvasionIschemiaMetabolic CompetitionImmune ResponsesInflammationBlood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier DisruptionCLINICAL FINDINGSCerebral (Brain) Symptoms and SignsHeadacheGait difficultyCognitive dysfunctionEpisodic loss of consciousnessOther cerebral complaintsNeurologic signsCranial Nerve Symptoms and SignsSpinal Symptoms and SignsLABORATORY TESTSMagnetic Resonance ScanningLumbar PunctureCSF pressureCell countProtein concentrationGlucose concentrationCytologic examinationImmunocytochemistryFlow CytometryBiochemical/molecular MarkersOther Diagnostic TestsMyelographyCerebral arteriographyElectroencephalographyElectromyographyMeningeal biopsyPositron emission tomographyCSF flowDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSTIC APPROACHTREATMENTRadiation TherapyChemotherapyRoute of administrationChemotherapeutic agentsIntrathecal agentsSystematically administered agentsComplicationsSurgeryComplicationsPROGNOSIS8: Cancer Involving Cranial, Peripheral Nerves And MusclesINTRODUCTIONFREQUENCYCRANIAL NERVESClinical FindingsOlfactory nerveOptic nerveOcular motor nervesOcular motor syndromesTrigeminal nerveGasserian ganglion syndromeNumb chin syndromeOther sitesFacial nerveGlosspharyngeal/Vagus nervesJugular foramen syndromeSyncopeFacial painSpinal accessory nerveHypoglossal nerveOccipital condyle syndromeDiagnosis and TreatmentSPINAL ROOTSNERVE PLEXUSESCervical PlexusBrachial PlexusClinical findingsLaboratory testsCourseDifferential diagnosisTreatmentLumbosacral plexusLumbar plexusClinical findingsLaboratory testsDifferential diagnosisTreatmentSacral PlexusClinical findingsLaboratory testsDifferential diagnosisTreatmentPERIPHERAL NERVESMononeuropathiesClinical findingsDifferential diagnosisPolyneuropathyMUSCLES9: Vascular DisordersINTRODUCTIONFREQUENCYPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASEHypocoagulationHypercoagulationCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM HEMORRHAGEHemorrhage into Brain MetastasesClinical findingsDiagnosisDifferential diagnosisTreatmentSubdural HemorrhageClinical findingsDiagnosisTreatmentCoagulopathic HemorrhageIntracerebral HemorrhageClinical FindingsTreatmentSpinal HemorrhageLeukostasisHyperviscosityHypertensionCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFARCTIONAtherosclerosisDisseminated Intravascular CoagulationPathologyIncidenceClinical FindingsLaboratory TestsDifferential DiagnosisTreatmentArterial Occlusion by Extrinsic TumorClinical FindingsCerebral EmboliNonbacterial Thrombotic EndocarditisClinical FindingsLaboratory TestsPathologyTreatmentSeptic Arterial OcclusionsClinical FindingsPathologyTreatmentTumor EmboliThrombotic MicroangiopathyCerebral VasculitisIntravascular Lymphoma)ThrombocytosisVENOUS OCCLUSIONCompressive Venous Sinus OcclusionClinical FindingsDifferential DiagnosisTreatmentVenous Sinus ThrombosisClinical FindingsTreatmentPrognosis and SequelaeTumor EmboliOTHER DISORDERSSystemic ThrombophlebitisEpisodic Neurologic Dysfunction in Patients with Hodgkin's DiseaseSystemic HypotensionAir embolismAPPROACH TO THE PATIENT10: Central Nervous System InfectionsINTRODUCTIONPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONHost DefensesPhysical barriersImmunologic defensesMultiple defectsInfection Sites within the Central Nervous SystemMeningitisCerebritis and brain abscessMeningoencephalitisCLINICAL FINDINGSSigns and SymptomsMeningitisGeneral physical examinationNeurologic examinationDiagnosisLumbar punctureCSF evaluationImagingMeningoencephalitisBrain AbscessVascular LesionsAPPROACH TO THE PATIENTSPECIFIC ORGANISMS CAUSING CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERT-Lymphocyte and Mononuclear Phagocyte DefectsBacteriaListeriaNocardiaFungiVirusesVaricella-ZosterVaricellaReye's syndromeZosterComplicationsPost-herpetic neuralgiaParalysisMyelitisUrinary retentionEncephalitisCerebral vasculitisMultifocal encephalopathyDiagnosisHerpes Simplex Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathyCytomegalovirusOther virusesParasitesToxoplasmaStrongyloidesEosinophilic meningitisNeutrophil DefectsEnteric bacteriaFungiAspergillusZygomycetesCandidaSplenectomy or B-Cell AbnormalitiesBacteriaStreptococcus PneumoniaCerebrospinal Fluid-Surface CommunicationBacteriaParasitesOther InfectionsInfectious endocarditis"Malignant" external otitis11: Delirium And Metabolic And Nutritional Complications of CancerINTRODUCTIONDELIRIUM ASSOCIATED WITH CANCERDefinitionsIncidencePathophysiologyClinical findingsDiagnosisCauses of deliriumMETABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERIncidenceClinical SignsLaboratory TestsDifferential DiagnosisTreatmentSPECIFIC METABOLIC CAUSES of DELIRIUMPostoperative deliriumDrugsSubstrate deprivationHypoxiaIschemiaHypoglycemiaHyperglycemiaSepsisCritical illness weaknessElectrolyte imbalanceHypercalcemiaHypocalcemiaHyponatremiaHypernatremiaHypomagnesemiaHypophosphatemiaEndocrine and other organ dysfunctionAdrenal dysfunctionAdrenal failureAdrenal excessHyper/hypo-thyroidismOrgan failureTumor lysisLactic acidosisNUTRITIONAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCERMalnutrition and CachexiaDisorders of Nutrient Deprivation Associated with CancerWernicke-Korsakoff syndromeVitamin B12/Folate deficiencyCarcinoid syndrome12: Side Effects Of ChemotherapyINTRODUCTIONCLINICAL FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSISPeripheral Nervous SystemDiffuse neuropathyFocal neuropathyCentral Nervous SystemAcute encephalopathyChronic encephalopathyOther neurologic disordersNon-neurologic toxicitySPECIFIC AGENTSCytotoxic AgentsAlkylating AgentsPlatinum-based agentsCisplatinPeripheral neuropathyCranial nerve neuropathyLhermitte's signMusclesHearing/vestibularVisual/ocular toxicityEncephalopathyNitrosoureasMustardsIfosfamideCyclophosphamideMelphalanChlorambucilOther alkylating agentsBusulfanDacarbazine (DTIC)/ TemozolomideNitrogen mustard (Mechlorethamine)ProcarbazineMitotaneAltretamine (Hexamethylmelamine)ThiotepaAntineoplastic AntibioticsAnthracyclinesDoxorubicinIdarubicin, epirubicin,daunorubicinMitoxantroneOther antibioticsBleomycinMitomycin CDactinomycin (Actinomycin D)AntimetabolitesAntifolatesMethotrexate (MTX)Aseptic meningitisEncephalomyelopathyTransverse myelopathyAcute/subacute encephalopathyChronic encephalopathyPathophysiologyPemetrexedCytidine analogsCytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, ara-C)5-azacytidine/decitabineGemcitabineFluorinated pyridmidines5-fluorouracilCapecitabinePentostatinPurines and other antimetabolitesAdenosine analogsFludarabineCladribinePentostatinGuanine analogsHydroxyureaPlant AlkaloidsVinca alkaloidsVincristineVindesine, vinblastine, vinorelbinePodophyllinsEtoposideTeniposideTaxanesPaclitaxel, docetaxelOther tubulin binding agentsEstramustineEpothilonesMiscellaneous Cytotoxic AgentsL-AsparaginaseAmsacrineSuraminCamptothecinsThalidomideCombination ChemotherapyAnti-neoplastic HormonesAnti-estogensAnti-androgensBiologic AgentsAntibodiesCellular therapiesVaccinesCytokinesInterleukinsInterferonsImmune enhancersImmunosuppressive agentsGrowth factorsErythropoietinGranulocyte stimulating factorsInterleukin-11Keratinocyte growth factorSmall moleculesImatinibGefitinibSunitnibSorafenibLapatinibTipifarnibBortezomibDifferentiation agentsAll-trans-retinoic acid/arsenic trioxideHematopoietic stem cell transplantationAdjuvant agentsAmifostineAllopurinolZoledronic acid13: SIDE Effects Of Radiation TherapyINTRODUCTIONBIOLOGY OF RADIATION DAMAGEIonizationFractionationMechanisms of nervous system damageThe Linear-Quadratic ConceptDIAGNOSIS OF RADIATION-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITYDirect radiation damage to the nervous systemBrainAcute encephalopathyEarly-delayed encephalopathyNeurologic deteriorationRadiation somnolence syndromeFocal encephalopathyPathogenesisLate-delayed encephalopathyRadiation necrosisCerebral atrophyPost-irradiation "migraine"TreatmentSpinal CordAcute myelopathyEarly-delayed myelopathyLate-delayed myelopathyProgressive myelopathyLower motor neuron syndromeSpinal hemorrhagePeripheral nervous systemCranial nervesOlfactory nerveOptic nerveOcular motor nervesTrigeminal nerveFacial nerveAcoustic/Vestibular nerveLower cranial nervesPeripheral NervesBrachial plexusAcute brachial plexopathyEarly-delayed plexopathyLate-delayed plexopathyAcute ischemic plexopathyLumbosacral plexopathySacral plexopathyMuscleTrismusDropped head syndromeIndirect radiation damage to the nervous systemRadiogenic TumorsRadiation-Induced VasculopathyEndocrine DysfunctionCombination Radiation and DrugsTREATMENT14: Neurotoxicity Of Surgical And Diagnostic ProceduresINTRODUCTIONDISORDERS RESULTING from ANESTHESIAGeneral AnesthesiaCNS ComplicationsPostoperative delirium/ Cognitive DysfunctionPeripheral Nerve ComplicationsRegional anesthesiaIntubationSURGERYCraniotomyVascular lesionsInfectionsSeizuresAseptic MeningitisPneumocephalusDecompression Optic NeuropathyHeadacheCerebellar MutismCraniectomy Defect/CSF leakElectrolyte/other disordersSkull base surgerySpinal SurgeryHead and Neck SurgeryBreast SurgeryThoracotomyAbdominal/Pelvic surgeryExtremity SurgeryDIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURESComputed TomographyLumbar PunctureCerebral HerniationIntracranial HypotensionSpinal HerniationSpinal HemorrhageMeningitisArterial/venous cathetersEpidural/intrathecal catheters15: Paraneoplastic SyndromesINTRODUCTIONGENERAL CONSIDERATIONSClassificationFrequencyImportancePathogenesisDiagnosisClinical approachPrognosisTreatmentSPECIFIC SYNDROMESParaneoplastic Cerebellar DegenerationDiagnosisPathogenesisPathologyTreatmentSubacute Sensory Neuronopathy/EncephalomyelitisHippocampus (Limbic Encephalitis)HypothalamusBrainstemCerebellumSpinal cordDorsal root gangliaAutonomic systemAntibodiesTreatmentOpsoclonus/MyoclonusSpinal Cord SyndromesMyelitisNecrotizing myelopathyMotor neurons syndromesStiff- person syndromeCranial NervesRetinopathyCarcinoma Associated Retinopathy (CAR)Melanoma associated retinopathyOptic neuropathyPeripheral Nerve SyndromesSensory neuropathySensorimotor neuropathyMotor neuropathyAutonomic neuropathyPlasma cell dyscrasiasVasculitic neuropathyNeuromuscular Junction SyndromesLambert-Eaton myasthenic syndromeMyasthenia gravisNeuromyotoniaMuscle SyndromesInflammatory myopathiesNecrotizing myopathy
I would judge that this work may justly be described as a tour de force, a marvellous synthesis.