Networking Fundamentals

Kaveh Pahlavan, is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), a Professor of Computer Science (CS), and Director of the Center for Wireless Information Network Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA. He is also a visiting Professor of Telecommunication Laboratory and CWC, University of Oulu, Finland. His area of research is location-aware broadband wireless indoor networks. He has contributed to numerous seminal technical publications and patents in this field. He is the principal author of the Wireless Information Networks (with Allen Levesque), John Wiley and Sons, 1995 and Principles of Wireless Networks -- A Unified Approach (with P. Krishnamurthy), Prentice Hall, 2002. He has been a consultant to a number of companies, including CNR Inc., GTE Laboratories, Steinbrecher Corp., Simplex, Mercury Computers, WINDATA, SieraComm, 3COM, and Codex/Motorola in Massachusetts; JPL, Savi Technologies, RadioLAN in California; Aironet in Ohio; United Technology Research Center in Connecticut; Honeywell in Arizona; Nokia, LK-Products, Elektrobit, TEKES, the Finnish Academy in Finland; and NTT in Japan. Before joining WPI, he was the director of advanced development at Infinite Inc., Andover, MA, working on data communications. He started his career as an assistant professor at Northeastern University, Boston, MA. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal on Wireless Information Networks. He was the founder, the program chairman, and organizer of the IEEE Wireless LAN Workshop, Worcester, in 1991 and 1996 and the organizer and technical program chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications, Boston, MA, 1992 and 1998. He has also been selected as a member of the Committee on Evolution of Untethered Communication, US National Research Council, 1997 and has led the US review team for the Finnish R&D Programs in Electronic and Telecommunication in 1999 and NETs project in 2003. For his contributions to the wireless networks he was the Westin Hadden Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at WPI during 1993--1996, was elected as a fellow of the IEEE in 1996 and became a fellow of Nokia in 1999. From May to December of 2000 he was the first Fulbright--Nokia scholar at the University of Oulu, Finland. Because of his inspiring visionary publications and his international conference activities for the growth of the wireless LAN industry, he is referred to as one of the founding fathers of the wireless LAN industry. In the past few years his research work has been the core for more than 25 patents by Skyhook Wireless, where he acts as the chief technical advisor. In January 2008 Steve Jobs announced that Skyhook Wireless’s WiFi localization technology is used in iPhone. Details of his contributions to this field are available at www.cwins.wpi.edu. Prashant Krishnamurthy is an associate professor with the graduate program in Telecommunications and Networking at the University of Pittsburgh. At Pitt, he regularly teaches courses on cryptography, network security, and wireless communications and networks. His research interests are wireless network security, wireless data networks, and position location in indoor wireless networks. He is the coauthor of the books Principles of Wireless Networks -- A Unified Approach and Physical Layer of Communication Systems and is a co-editor of Information Assurance: Dependability and Security in Networked Systems. He served as the chair of the IEEE Communications Society Pittsburgh Chapter from 2000 to 2005. He obtained his PhD from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, in 1999.

• About the Authors xiiiPreface xv1 Introduction to Information Networks 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Elements of Information Networks 31.1.2 Chronology of Information Networks 51.1.3 Standards Organizations for Information Networking 71.1.4 Evolution of Long-Haul Multiplexing Standards 101.2 Evolution of Wide-Area Networks 131.2.1 Evolution of the Public Switched Telephone Network 141.2.2 Emergence of the Internet 151.2.3 HFC Infrastructure for Cable TV 171.2.4 Evolution of Cellular Telephone Networks 171.3 Evolution of Local Networks 181.3.1 Evolution of Local Access to Public Switched Telephone Network 191.3.2 Evolution of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 211.3.3 Evolution of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local-Area Network 221.3.4 Internet Access to Home and IEEE 802.16 241.3.5 Evolution of IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Networks 281.4 Structure of the Book 30Questions 31Project 1 32Part One: Fundamentals of Transmission and Access 332 Characteristics of the Medium 352.1 Introduction 352.2 Guided Media 362.2.1 Twisted Pair 382.2.2 Coaxial Cables 422.2.3 Optical Fiber 452.3 Wireless Media 482.3.1 Radio Propagation Mechanisms 492.3.2 Path-Loss Modeling and Signal Coverage 502.3.3 Path-Loss Models for Indoor Areas 562.3.4 Path-Loss Models for Outdoor Areas 602.3.5 Effects of Multipath and Doppler 622.3.6 Emerging Channel Models 68Questions 72Problems 73Project 1: Simulation of Multipath Fading 77Project 2: The RSS in IEEE 802.11 78Project 3: Coverage and Data Rate Performance of the IEEE 802.11B/G WLANs 793 Fundamentals of Physical Layer Transmission 833.1 Information Transmission 833.1.1 Wired and Wireless Transmission 843.1.2 Baseband Transmission 873.2 Transmission Techniques and Signal Constellation 893.2.1 Multisymbol Digital Communications 903.2.2 Signal Constellation in Digital Communications 913.2.3 Two-Dimensional Signal Constellations 943.2.4 Channel Capacity 1003.3 Performance of the Physical Layer 1023.3.1 Effects of Fading on Performance over Wireless Channels 1053.3.2 Diversity Techniques 1073.4 Wideband Modems 1093.4.1 Spread-Spectrum Transmissions 1103.4.2 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 1153.4.3 Space–Time Coding 1173.4.4 Capacity Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output Antenna Systems 118Questions 119Problems 120Projects 1234 Coding and Reliable Packet Transmission 1254.1 Introduction 1254.2 Source Coding and Framing Techniques 1274.2.1 Information Source and Coding 1274.2.2 Framing Techniques 1304.3 FEC Coding 1324.3.1 Fundamentals of Coding 1324.3.2 Block Codes 1364.3.3 Convolutional Codes 1414.3.4 Codes for Manipulating Data 1454.4 Coding for Spread-Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access Systems 1474.4.1 Pseudo Noise Codes 1484.4.2 M-ary Orthogonal Codes 1494.5 ARQ Schemes 1514.5.1 Stop and Wait 1514.5.2 Go-Back-N 1534.5.3 Selective-Repeat Automatic Repeat Request 1534.5.4 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 1544.6 Flow Control Protocols 1554.6.1 Stop and Wait 1564.6.2 Sliding Window 158Questions 159Problems 1595 Medium Access Methods 1655.1 Introduction 1655.2 Centralized Assigned Access Schemes 1675.2.1 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 1685.2.2 Time-Division Multiple Access 1715.2.3 Code-Division Multiple Access 1745.2.4 Comparison of Code-, Time-, and Frequency-Division Multiple Access 1775.2.5 Performance of Assigned Access Methods 1805.3 Distributed Random Access Schemes 1845.3.1 Random Access Methods for Data Services 1845.3.2 Access Methods for Local-Area Networks 1915.3.3 Performance of Random Access Methods 1965.4 Integration of Voice and Data Traffic 2055.4.1 Access Methods for Integrated Services 2055.4.2 Data Integration in Voice-Oriented Networks 2055.4.3 Voice Integration into Data-Oriented Networks 211Questions 217Problems 218Projects 222Part Two: Wide-Area Networks 2256 The Internet 2276.1 Introduction: Internet Infrastructure 2276.1.1 Fundamentals of Packet Forwarding 2296.2 Addressing 2306.2.1 ISDN Addressing in Connection-Based PSTN 2316.2.2 MAC Addressing in Connectionless Local-Area Networks 2336.2.3 IP Addressing in the Connectionless Internet 2356.3 Quality of Service 2396.3.1 Quality of Service in Connection-Based Networks 2406.3.2 Quality of Service in Connectionless Networks 2416.4 Bridges 2426.4.1 Standardization and Bridges 2446.4.2 IEEE 802.1D Transparent Bridges 2446.4.3 The Spanning-Tree Algorithm 2466.4.4 IEEE 802.5 Source Routing Bridging 2506.4.5 IEEE 802.1Q Virtual Local-Area Network 2506.5 Switches 2516.5.1 Circuit Switching in Public Switched Telephone Network 2526.5.2 Integrated Service Data Network Switching 2526.5.3 Packet Switching over Public Switched Telephone Network 2536.5.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 2546.6 Routers 2606.6.1 Types of Router 2626.6.2 Network Protocols for Routers 2646.6.3 Routing Algorithms 2696.6.4 Multiprotocol Label Switching 275Questions 277Problems 278Project 1: Client-Server Programming 2807 Cellular Networks 2817.1 Introduction 2827.1.1 The Cellular Concept 2827.1.2 Cellular Hierarchy 2857.2 General Architecture of a Cellular Network 2867.2.1 Mobile Stations 2887.2.2 The Base Station Subsystem 2887.2.3 The Network and Switching Subsystem 2897.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment 2907.3.1 Registration 2907.3.2 Call Establishment 2917.3.3 Handoff 2937.3.4 Security 2957.4 Protocol Stack in Cellular Networks 2977.4.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer 2987.4.2 Layer 2: Data Link Layer 2997.4.3 Layer 3: Networking Layer 3007.5 Physical Layer in TDMA Air Interface 3027.5.1 Modulation Technique 3027.5.2 Power and Power Control 3047.5.3 Physical Packet Bursts 3047.6 Physical Layer in CDMA Air Interface 3107.6.1 CDMA Forward Channels 3107.6.2 CDMA Reverse Channels 3157.6.3 Packet and Frame Formats in a Typical CDMA Network 3177.6.4 Other Variations in CDMA Air Interface 3197.7 Achieving Higher Data Rates in Cellular Networks 3207.7.1 Changes in Reference Architecture to Connect to Internet 3217.7.2 How to Achieve High Data Rates 3227.8 Deployment of Cellular Networks 3257.8.1 Cell Fundamentals and Frequency Reuse 3257.8.2 Capacity Expansion Techniques for Frequency-/Time-Division Multiple Access Systems 3307.8.3 Network Planning for Code-Division Multiple Access Systems 335Questions 337Problems 338Part Three: Local and Personal-Area Networks 3438 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 3458.1 Introduction 3458.2 Legacy Ethernet 3498.2.1 The Packet Format and the Physical Layer 3518.2.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection for the Medium Access Control Layer 3528.2.3 Medium Access Control Performance 3558.2.4 Alternatives to Legacy Ethernet 3588.2.5 Early Enhancements to Legacy Ethernet 3598.3 Evolution of the Physical Layer 3618.3.1 Fast Ethernet at 100 Mb/s 3618.3.2 Alternative for Fast Ethernet 3688.3.3 Gigabit Ethernet 3708.3.4 10 Gb/s Ethernet and Beyond 3748.4 Emergence of Additional Features for Ethernet 3798.4.1 Frame Format for the Virtual Local-Area Network 3798.4.2 Full-Duplex Operation 3818.4.3 PAUSE Frames 3828.4.4 Link Aggregation 384Questions 385Problems 3869 IEEE Wireless Local-Area Network Standards 3899.1 Introduction 3899.1.1 Early Experiences 3909.1.2 Emergence of Unlicensed Bands 3919.1.3 Products, Bands, and Standards 3929.1.4 Shift in Marketing Strategy 3939.2 IEEE 802.11 and WLANs 3959.2.1 Overview of IEEE 802.11 3969.2.2 IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local-Area Network Operations 3989.2.3 The IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Layer 4029.2.4 The Physical Layer 4109.2.5 Deployment of Wireless Local-Area Networks 4199.2.6 Security Issues and Implementation in IEEE 802.11 4259.2.7 Wireless Local-Area Network Standards and 802.11 Standards Activities 4289.3 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 4309.3.1 General Architecture 4329.3.2 Physical Layer 4339.3.3 Medium Access Control Layer of WiMAX 434Questions 435Problems 436Projects 44110 IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Network 44310.1 Introduction 44310.1.1 IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Network Standardization Series 44410.2 IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth 44510.2.1 Overall Architecture 44710.2.2 Protocol Stack 44810.2.3 Physical Connection 45010.2.4 Medium Access Control Mechanism 45210.2.5 Frame Formats 45210.2.6 Connection Management 45810.2.7 Security 46010.3 Interference between Bluetooth and 802.11 46010.3.1 Interference Range 46110.3.2 Probability of Interference 46510.3.3 Empirical Results 46810.4 IEEE 802.15.3A Ultra Wideband Wireless Personal-Area Networks 47010.4.1 Direct Sequence Ultra Wideband 47010.4.2 Multiband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 47410.5 IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee 47710.5.1 Overall Architecture 47810.5.2 Protocol Stack 47910.5.3 Medium Access Control Layer 48010.5.4 Physical Layer 48110.5.5 Frame Format 48310.5.6 Comparison of ZigBee with Bluetooth and WiFi 484Questions 485Problems 486Part Four: System Aspects 48911 Network Security 49111.1 Introduction 49111.2 Network Attacks and Security Issues 49211.2.1 Network Communications 49211.2.2 Why Security Attacks are Possible 49411.2.3 Some Example Security Attacks 49811.2.4 Defining Security Attacks, Services, and Architecture 50411.3 Protection and Prevention 50511.3.1 Firewalls and Perimeter Security 50511.3.2 Cryptography and Cryptographic Protocols 50811.3.3 Preventing Successful Phishing Attacks 52311.4 Detection 52311.5 Assessment and Response 524Questions 526Problems 526Projects 52812 Wireless Localization 52912.1 Introduction 52912.2 What is Wireless Geolocation? 53012.2.1 Wireless Emergency Services 53212.2.2 Performance Measures for Geolocation Systems 53312.3 Radio-Frequency Location Sensing and Positioning Methodologies 53412.3.1 Generic Architecture 53412.3.2 Positioning Algorithms 53612.3.3 Positioning Standards for Cellular Telephone Systems 54412.4 LCS Architecture for Cellular Systems 54612.4.1 Cellular Network Architecture 54812.4.2 Location Services Architecture 54912.4.3 Over the Air (Access Network) Communications for Location Services 55112.4.4 Signaling in the Fixed Infrastructure (Core Network) for Location Services 55212.4.5 The Mobile Location Protocol 55312.5 Positioning in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 554Questions 555Problems 556Projects 55613 Wireless Sensor Networks 55913.1 Introduction 55913.2 Sensor Network Applications 56013.2.1 Habitat Monitoring 56013.2.2 Structural Health Monitoring 56113.2.3 Miscellaneous Applications 56113.3 Sensor Network Architecture and Sensor Devices 56113.3.1 Sensor Network Architecture 56213.3.2 Overview of Sensor Devices 56413.3.3 Commercial Sensors 56613.3.4 Future Directions 56813.4 The Physical Layer in Sensor Networks 57013.4.1 Spectrum 57013.4.2 Path Loss 57113.4.3 Gray Zone 57213.4.4 Modulation Schemes 57313.5 The MAC Layer in Sensor Networks 57413.5.1 Issues in Medium Access for Sensor Networks 57513.5.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control 57713.5.3 Low-Duty-Cycle Medium Access Controls 57813.5.4 Low-Latency Medium Access Controls 57913.6 Higher Layer Issues in Sensor Networks 58013.6.1 Establishing the Sensor Network 58113.6.2 Routing 58313.6.3 Coverage, Connectivity, and Topology Control 58513.6.4 Synchronization 58713.6.5 Security 588Questions 591References 593Appendix A: What is Decibel? 605Appendix B: STC for Two Transmitters and One Receiver 607Appendix C: Source Coding 611C.1 Source Coding for Voice 611C.2 Source Coding for Images and Video 613Appendix D: Acronyms 615Appendix E: List of Variables 627Index 633

?5/5 stars? (IT Training,, November 2009) ?I would wholeheartedly recommend the book to everyone, whether novices or expert, as it covers an incredible amount of knowledge on communication.? (BCS, September 2009)