Kaushik Pal received his PhD from the University of Kalyani, India in 2014. He is now at the University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab. He has published more than 120 research articles in international journals as well as 23 books. He was recently awarded Honoris Causa Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from Higher National Youth Skills Institute (IKTBN) Sepang, Govt. of Malaysia as well as the Gold Medal awarded by the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

• Preface xv1 Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development and Constraints 1Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanoparticles, an Alternative Approach to Conventional Vaccines 41.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccine Delivery Vehicle 51.4 Nanotechnology to Tackle the Challenges of Vaccine Delivery 61.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 61.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 71.4.3 Biomolecular Nanoparticles 81.4.4 Liposome 91.4.5 Virus-Like Particles 91.4.6 Micelles 91.4.7 Immunostimulating Complexes 101.4.8 Self-Assembled Proteins (SAPNs) 101.4.9 Emulsions 111.5 Constraints and Challenges of Nanovaccines 111.6 Concluding Remarks 12Acknowledgments 13References 132 Nanomedicine and Nanovaccinology Tools in Targeted Drug Delivery 21Bogala Mallikharjuna Reddy2.1 Introduction 212.2 Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Tools 252.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 262.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 262.2.3 Dendrimers 272.2.4 Liposomes 282.2.5 Micelles 292.2.6 Emulsions 302.2.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 302.2.8 Self-Assembled Proteins 312.2.9 Immunostimulating Complexes 322.2.10 Virus-Like Particles 332.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Applications 332.3.1 Cancer 362.3.2 Neurology 372.3.3 Cardiology 382.3.4 Ophthalmology 382.3.5 Pulmonology 392.3.6 Tissue Engineering 402.3.7 Viral Infections 402.3.8 Other Miscellaneous Types 412.4 Commercial Nanodelivery Tools 422.4.1 Industrial Manufacturing 422.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 442.4.3 Risks and Challenges 452.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 46Acknowledgments 47References 473 Nanovaccinology and Superbugs 53Sandhya Kalathilparambil Santhosh, Kaviya Parampath Kootery, Mridul Umesh, Preethi Mariam Alex, Meghna Mani, Adina Roy and Suma Sarojini3.1 Introduction 543.2 Need for Nanovaccines 553.3 Types of Nanovaccines 573.3.1 Subunit Vaccines 573.3.2 Conjugate Vaccines 583.3.3 RNA Vaccines 583.3.4 Reverse Vaccinology 593.3.5 Biomimetic Nanovaccines 603.3.5.1 Biomimetic Membranes 603.3.5.2 Outer Membrane Vesicle Nanoparticles 613.3.6 Nanotoxoids 623.3.7 Liposomes 633.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 633.3.9 Virus-Like Particle 643.3.10 Inorganic Nanoparticles 653.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanovaccines 653.5 Limitations of Nanovaccines 683.6 Conclusion 69Acknowledgment 69References 694 Current Research Trends on SARS-CoV2 Virus Against Nanovaccine Formulation 77Pushpalatha C., Chhaya Kumar, Sowmya S.V., Dominic Augustine, Elizabeth Abbu Varghese and Jithya Suresh4.1 Introduction 784.2 COVID-19/SARS-CoV2 Pathophysiology 784.3 Development of Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 794.4 Biomimetic Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 804.4.1 Virus-Like Particles 844.4.2 Nucleic Acids Vaccines 854.4.3 Protein Vaccines 864.5 Translatable Subunit Nanovaccine Against SARS-CoV 2 864.6 Separable Microneedle Patch Nanovaccine 864.7 Polymer-Based Nanovaccines 874.8 Pharmaceutical Challenges of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 884.9 Future Prospects of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 894.10 Challenges and Limitations 894.11 Conclusion and Outlook 91References 915 Nanovaccinology Against Infectious Disease 95S. Chakroborty and P. Panda5.1 Introduction 965.2 Nanovaccinology Against Bacterial Disease 975.3 Nanovaccinology Against Viral Disease 995.4 Nanovaccinology Against Cancer 1015.5 Nanovaccinology Against Parasite-Born Disease 1085.6 Nanovaccinology Against Autoimmune Disorders 1095.7 Conclusion and Outlook 110Acknowledgments 110References 1106 Preclinical and Commercial Trials of Cancer Diagnosis via Nano-Imaging and Nanovaccinology 115Sowmya S.V., Pushpalatha C., Dominic Augustine, Sibikar P., Bharkhavy K.V. and Elizabeth Abbu Varghese6.1 Introduction 1166.2 Role of Nano-Imaging in Cancer Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment 1176.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 1176.2.2 Quantum Dots 1186.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 1186.2.4 Nanowires 1186.2.5 Cantilevers and Nanopores 1186.2.6 Other Types of Nanoparticles 1186.3 Challenges in the Translation of Nanotechnology-Based Imaging Methods Into Clinical Application 1196.4 Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy 1196.4.1 Composition of Nanovaccines in Cancer Therapy 1206.4.1.1 Antigens 1206.4.1.2 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants 1216.4.1.3 Nanocarriers 1216.5 Functionalities of Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Cancer Vaccines 1226.5.1 Efficient Delivery of Vaccines by Nanocarriers 1236.5.2 Co-Delivery of Antigens and Adjuvants via Nanocarriers 1236.5.3 Nanocarriers Potentiate Immunomodulation Through Multivalent Antigens and/or Adjuvants 1236.5.4 Self-Adjuvanted Nanocarriers 1236.6 Nanovaccine Strategies in Cancer 1236.6.1 STING Agonist-Based Nanovaccines 1246.6.2 Neoantigen Nanovaccines 1246.6.3 mRNA-Based Nanovaccines 1246.6.4 aAPCs 1246.6.5 Nanovaccines for Combination Therapy 1246.7 Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Applications of Nanoimaging and Nanovaccinology in Cancer 1256.8 Recent Developments in the Trials of Nanovaccinology in Cancer 1266.9 Perspectives and Future Directions 1276.10 Conclusions 127References 1277 Biomedical and Electronic Tune-Ups of 2C4NA Nanocrystalline Sample 131Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Anbarasan P., Poorani R., Aarthi N., Ganesan H., Senthil Kannan K. and Flora G.7.1 Introduction 1327.2 Computational, Tribological, Fluorescence, and Influx Study 1337.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study, Anticancer Study, and Anti-Inflammatory Study 1387.4 Conclusion 139References 1398 Biological, Electronic-Filter, Influx and Theoretical Practicalities of 2-Chloro-6-Nitroaniline (2C6NA) Crystals for Biomedical and Microelectronics Tasks 145Maria Sumathi B., Maalmarugan J., Ganesan H., Saravanan P., Patel R.P., Sheeba M., Flora G. and Senthil Kannan K.8.1 Introduction 1468.2 Computational and Influx 1468.3 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiabetic, DPPH, FRAP, Anticancer 1488.4 Conclusion 150References 1519 Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidant, Computational, Filter, and Tribological Characterizations of Bis Glycine Lithium Bromide Monohydrate Nano (32 nm) Scaled Crystals 157Dayana Lobo F., Senthil Kannan K., Mathivanan V., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Christy S., Flora G., Ganesan H. and Maalmarugan J.9.1 Introduction 1589.2 Experimental 1589.2.1 Synthesis 1589.3 Results and Discussions 1599.3.1 Single Crystalline XRD (SXRD) Study and Powder XRD (PXRD) Studies 1599.3.2 Fluorescence (FL) Study for 32-nm Scale 1609.3.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study and Influx Study 1609.3.4 AO-DPPH, FRAP of Antioxidant Activity 1629.3.5 Tribology—Load Capacity by the Compressive Strength Model of the Polymeric Bearings, Software-Based Thermal Ellipsoidal Plot 1629.4 Conclusion 164References 16410 Device Utility, Energy, and Bioutility of N2MNM4MBH Macro, Nano Models 169Pauline Jenifer S., Flora G., Zozimus Divya Lobo C., Charles A., Senthil Kannan K., Anbuvel D., Prajith V. and Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz10.1 Introduction 17010.2 Synthesis and XRD 17110.3 Influx 17110.4 Computational 17110.4.1 Antidiabetic Study 17110.5 Conclusion 177References 17711 Biocurative, Tribological, Electro-Functionalities of ZnO-MIZN Nanoparticles 183Senthil Kannan K., Prabhjeet Kaur Dhillon, Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Padmavathi P., Flora G., Irudhya Sahaya Lancy S., Jeeva Rani Thangam G. and Sheeba M.11.1 Introduction 18411.2 Antibacterial Activity 18511.3 XRD and Magnetic Effect 18611.4 Tribological Data for Nano Sample Coatings of ZnO-MIZN 18911.5 Filter Utility 18911.6 Conclusion 190References 19012 Nanotubular Device Effect, Super Cell Effectiveness, Hirshfeld Energy Analysis and Biomedicinal Efficacy of 2-Fluoro-5-Nitro-Aniline (2F5NA) Crystals 195Flora G., Munikumari A., Sheeba M., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Senthil Kannan K., Ponrathy T., Muthu Sheeba M. and Joshua Steve Abishek B.12.1 Introduction 19612.2 XRD and Computational 19712.3 Bioutility 20712.3.1 Antibacterial of 2F5NA Crystals 20712.4 Conclusion 208References 20813 Nano, Peptide Link, Pharma Impact and Electron Density of AMPHB Macro, Nano Crystalline Samples 213Senthil Kannan K., Dayana Lobo F., Gayathri A., Prathebha K., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Maria Sumathi B., Flora G. and Egbert Selwin Rose A.13.1 Introduction 21413.2 Characterizations 21513.2.1 XRD and Computational Impactness 21513.2.2 Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Anti-Fungal (AF) Effect of AMPHB Macro and Nano Crystals 21913.3 Conclusion 220References 22114 Super Lattice, Computational Interactions and Bio-Uses of CPDMDP Crystals 227Flora G., Christy S., Shobana V., Divya R., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Pauline Jenifer S., Senthil Kannan K. and Jacintha Tamil Malar A.14.1 Introduction 22814.2 Computational 22914.3 Synthesis 23414.4 Xrd 23414.5 Influx of CPDMDP of Both Scales 23514.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Macro, Nano CPDMDP Crystals 23514.7 Antioxidant Activity 23614.8 Conclusion 237References 23715 Biological Effect Nanotubular, Vanderwall’s Impact, of 4-Methyl-2-Nitroaniline (4M2NA) Nanocrystals 243Senthil Kannan K., Pauline Jenifer S., Divya R., Raju K., Gayathri A., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Maria Sumathi B. and Flora G.15.1 Introduction 24415.2 XRD and Computational Data 24515.3 Biological Activity: Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Antifungal (AF) Effect 25115.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Aspects 251References 25116 Biomedical, Tribological, and Electronic Functionalities of Silver Nanoparticles 257Flora G., Ganesan H., Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Dayana Lobo F., Divya R., Senthil Kannan K. and Sheeba M.16.1 Introduction 25816.2 Tribological Data 25816.3 Influx 25916.4 HeLa Cell Line, Bacterial and Fungal Utility 25916.5 Conclusion 260References 26117 Commercialization of Nanovaccines: Utopia or a Reality? 267Amjad Islam Aqib, Tean Zaheer, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Arslan and Khazeena Atta17.1 Introduction 26817.2 Development of Nanovaccines 27017.3 Novel Adjuvants and Delivery System for Nanovaccines 27017.4 Success Story 27217.5 Nanovaccines in Human Health 27317.6 Nanovaccines in Animal Health 27417.7 Constraints in the Development and Application 27617.8 Issues Related to Product Application 27717.9 Characteristics of Nanoparticles Applicable to Public Health 27817.10 Conclusion 279References 28018 Functionalization of Nanobiomaterials in Nanovaccinology 283Jyothy G. VijayanAbbreviations 28318.1 Introduction 28418.2 Characteristics of Functionalized Bionanoparticles 28518.3 Functionalization of NPs 28518.3.1 Functionalization With Different Ligands 28518.3.2 Polymer Functionalized NPs 28618.4 Nanomaterials for Vaccine Synthesis 28618.4.1 Gold NPS 28618.4.2 Silica NPs 28618.4.3 Calcium NPs 28618.4.4 Polymeric NPs 28618.4.5 Inorganic Magnetic NPs 28718.4.6 Chitosan NPs 28718.4.7 Liposomal NPs 28718.5 Role of the Surface of NPs on Vaccine Development 28818.6 Nanovaccines: Routes of Administration 28818.6.1 Intradermal Routes 28818.6.2 Intramuscular Routes 28918.6.3 Subcutaneous Routes 28918.6.4 Oral Routes 28918.6.5 Nasal Routes 28918.6.6 Tropical Routes 28918.6.7 Ocular Routes 28918.7 Nanovaccines for Different Applications 29018.7.1 Nanovaccines Against Bacteria 29018.7.2 Nanovaccines Against Pathogens 29018.7.3 Nanovaccines Against Viruses 29018.7.4 Nanovaccines Against Parasites 29018.7.5 Nanovaccines Against Cancer 29118.8 Emulsions 29118.9 Nanogels 29118.10 Virus-Like Particles (VLP) 29218.11 Applications of Novel Nanovaccines 29318.12 Applications of Functionalized Nanovaccines 29318.12.1 For Cancer Therapy 29318.12.2 Against Different Infectious Diseases 29418.13 Pros and Cons of Using Vaccines 29418.13.1 Toxicity of NPs 29418.14 Future Aspects 29518.15 Conclusions 295References 29619 Oral Nanovaccines Delivery for Clinical Trials and Commercialization 301Dominic Augustine, Pushpalatha C., Sowmya S.V., Chhaya Kumar, Elizabeth AbbuVarghese and Gayathri V.S.19.1 Introduction 30219.2 Barriers to Oral Vaccines 30219.3 Evolution of Oral Nanovaccines 30419.4 Oral Delivery of Nanovaccines 30519.5 Immune Response to Oral Nanovaccines 30619.6 Oral Nanovaccines Carriers 30719.6.1 Natural Nanovaccine Carriers 30719.6.2 Synthetic Nanovaccine Carriers 30819.7 Formulation Strategies and Characterization of Oral Nanovaccines 31019.8 Regulations and Challenges for Oral Nanovaccines Delivery 31219.9 Future Perspectives 31419.10 Conclusion 314References 315Index 319

Kaushik Pal received his PhD from the University of Kalyani, India in 2014. He is now at the University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab. He has published more than 120 research articles in international journals as well as 23 books. He was recently awarded Honoris Causa Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from Higher National Youth Skills Institute (IKTBN) Sepang, Govt. of Malaysia as well as the Gold Medal awarded by the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

• Preface xv1 Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development and Constraints 1Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanoparticles, an Alternative Approach to Conventional Vaccines 41.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccine Delivery Vehicle 51.4 Nanotechnology to Tackle the Challenges of Vaccine Delivery 61.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 61.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 71.4.3 Biomolecular Nanoparticles 81.4.4 Liposome 91.4.5 Virus-Like Particles 91.4.6 Micelles 91.4.7 Immunostimulating Complexes 101.4.8 Self-Assembled Proteins (SAPNs) 101.4.9 Emulsions 111.5 Constraints and Challenges of Nanovaccines 111.6 Concluding Remarks 12Acknowledgments 13References 132 Nanomedicine and Nanovaccinology Tools in Targeted Drug Delivery 21Bogala Mallikharjuna Reddy2.1 Introduction 212.2 Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Tools 252.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 262.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 262.2.3 Dendrimers 272.2.4 Liposomes 282.2.5 Micelles 292.2.6 Emulsions 302.2.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 302.2.8 Self-Assembled Proteins 312.2.9 Immunostimulating Complexes 322.2.10 Virus-Like Particles 332.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Applications 332.3.1 Cancer 362.3.2 Neurology 372.3.3 Cardiology 382.3.4 Ophthalmology 382.3.5 Pulmonology 392.3.6 Tissue Engineering 402.3.7 Viral Infections 402.3.8 Other Miscellaneous Types 412.4 Commercial Nanodelivery Tools 422.4.1 Industrial Manufacturing 422.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 442.4.3 Risks and Challenges 452.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 46Acknowledgments 47References 473 Nanovaccinology and Superbugs 53Sandhya Kalathilparambil Santhosh, Kaviya Parampath Kootery, Mridul Umesh, Preethi Mariam Alex, Meghna Mani, Adina Roy and Suma Sarojini3.1 Introduction 543.2 Need for Nanovaccines 553.3 Types of Nanovaccines 573.3.1 Subunit Vaccines 573.3.2 Conjugate Vaccines 583.3.3 RNA Vaccines 583.3.4 Reverse Vaccinology 593.3.5 Biomimetic Nanovaccines 603.3.5.1 Biomimetic Membranes 603.3.5.2 Outer Membrane Vesicle Nanoparticles 613.3.6 Nanotoxoids 623.3.7 Liposomes 633.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 633.3.9 Virus-Like Particle 643.3.10 Inorganic Nanoparticles 653.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanovaccines 653.5 Limitations of Nanovaccines 683.6 Conclusion 69Acknowledgment 69References 694 Current Research Trends on SARS-CoV2 Virus Against Nanovaccine Formulation 77Pushpalatha C., Chhaya Kumar, Sowmya S.V., Dominic Augustine, Elizabeth Abbu Varghese and Jithya Suresh4.1 Introduction 784.2 COVID-19/SARS-CoV2 Pathophysiology 784.3 Development of Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 794.4 Biomimetic Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 804.4.1 Virus-Like Particles 844.4.2 Nucleic Acids Vaccines 854.4.3 Protein Vaccines 864.5 Translatable Subunit Nanovaccine Against SARS-CoV 2 864.6 Separable Microneedle Patch Nanovaccine 864.7 Polymer-Based Nanovaccines 874.8 Pharmaceutical Challenges of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 884.9 Future Prospects of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 894.10 Challenges and Limitations 894.11 Conclusion and Outlook 91References 915 Nanovaccinology Against Infectious Disease 95S. Chakroborty and P. Panda5.1 Introduction 965.2 Nanovaccinology Against Bacterial Disease 975.3 Nanovaccinology Against Viral Disease 995.4 Nanovaccinology Against Cancer 1015.5 Nanovaccinology Against Parasite-Born Disease 1085.6 Nanovaccinology Against Autoimmune Disorders 1095.7 Conclusion and Outlook 110Acknowledgments 110References 1106 Preclinical and Commercial Trials of Cancer Diagnosis via Nano-Imaging and Nanovaccinology 115Sowmya S.V., Pushpalatha C., Dominic Augustine, Sibikar P., Bharkhavy K.V. and Elizabeth Abbu Varghese6.1 Introduction 1166.2 Role of Nano-Imaging in Cancer Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment 1176.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 1176.2.2 Quantum Dots 1186.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 1186.2.4 Nanowires 1186.2.5 Cantilevers and Nanopores 1186.2.6 Other Types of Nanoparticles 1186.3 Challenges in the Translation of Nanotechnology-Based Imaging Methods Into Clinical Application 1196.4 Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy 1196.4.1 Composition of Nanovaccines in Cancer Therapy 1206.4.1.1 Antigens 1206.4.1.2 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants 1216.4.1.3 Nanocarriers 1216.5 Functionalities of Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Cancer Vaccines 1226.5.1 Efficient Delivery of Vaccines by Nanocarriers 1236.5.2 Co-Delivery of Antigens and Adjuvants via Nanocarriers 1236.5.3 Nanocarriers Potentiate Immunomodulation Through Multivalent Antigens and/or Adjuvants 1236.5.4 Self-Adjuvanted Nanocarriers 1236.6 Nanovaccine Strategies in Cancer 1236.6.1 STING Agonist-Based Nanovaccines 1246.6.2 Neoantigen Nanovaccines 1246.6.3 mRNA-Based Nanovaccines 1246.6.4 aAPCs 1246.6.5 Nanovaccines for Combination Therapy 1246.7 Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Applications of Nanoimaging and Nanovaccinology in Cancer 1256.8 Recent Developments in the Trials of Nanovaccinology in Cancer 1266.9 Perspectives and Future Directions 1276.10 Conclusions 127References 1277 Biomedical and Electronic Tune-Ups of 2C4NA Nanocrystalline Sample 131Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Anbarasan P., Poorani R., Aarthi N., Ganesan H., Senthil Kannan K. and Flora G.7.1 Introduction 1327.2 Computational, Tribological, Fluorescence, and Influx Study 1337.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study, Anticancer Study, and Anti-Inflammatory Study 1387.4 Conclusion 139References 1398 Biological, Electronic-Filter, Influx and Theoretical Practicalities of 2-Chloro-6-Nitroaniline (2C6NA) Crystals for Biomedical and Microelectronics Tasks 145Maria Sumathi B., Maalmarugan J., Ganesan H., Saravanan P., Patel R.P., Sheeba M., Flora G. and Senthil Kannan K.8.1 Introduction 1468.2 Computational and Influx 1468.3 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiabetic, DPPH, FRAP, Anticancer 1488.4 Conclusion 150References 1519 Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidant, Computational, Filter, and Tribological Characterizations of Bis Glycine Lithium Bromide Monohydrate Nano (32 nm) Scaled Crystals 157Dayana Lobo F., Senthil Kannan K., Mathivanan V., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Christy S., Flora G., Ganesan H. and Maalmarugan J.9.1 Introduction 1589.2 Experimental 1589.2.1 Synthesis 1589.3 Results and Discussions 1599.3.1 Single Crystalline XRD (SXRD) Study and Powder XRD (PXRD) Studies 1599.3.2 Fluorescence (FL) Study for 32-nm Scale 1609.3.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study and Influx Study 1609.3.4 AO-DPPH, FRAP of Antioxidant Activity 1629.3.5 Tribology—Load Capacity by the Compressive Strength Model of the Polymeric Bearings, Software-Based Thermal Ellipsoidal Plot 1629.4 Conclusion 164References 16410 Device Utility, Energy, and Bioutility of N2MNM4MBH Macro, Nano Models 169Pauline Jenifer S., Flora G., Zozimus Divya Lobo C., Charles A., Senthil Kannan K., Anbuvel D., Prajith V. and Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz10.1 Introduction 17010.2 Synthesis and XRD 17110.3 Influx 17110.4 Computational 17110.4.1 Antidiabetic Study 17110.5 Conclusion 177References 17711 Biocurative, Tribological, Electro-Functionalities of ZnO-MIZN Nanoparticles 183Senthil Kannan K., Prabhjeet Kaur Dhillon, Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Padmavathi P., Flora G., Irudhya Sahaya Lancy S., Jeeva Rani Thangam G. and Sheeba M.11.1 Introduction 18411.2 Antibacterial Activity 18511.3 XRD and Magnetic Effect 18611.4 Tribological Data for Nano Sample Coatings of ZnO-MIZN 18911.5 Filter Utility 18911.6 Conclusion 190References 19012 Nanotubular Device Effect, Super Cell Effectiveness, Hirshfeld Energy Analysis and Biomedicinal Efficacy of 2-Fluoro-5-Nitro-Aniline (2F5NA) Crystals 195Flora G., Munikumari A., Sheeba M., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Senthil Kannan K., Ponrathy T., Muthu Sheeba M. and Joshua Steve Abishek B.12.1 Introduction 19612.2 XRD and Computational 19712.3 Bioutility 20712.3.1 Antibacterial of 2F5NA Crystals 20712.4 Conclusion 208References 20813 Nano, Peptide Link, Pharma Impact and Electron Density of AMPHB Macro, Nano Crystalline Samples 213Senthil Kannan K., Dayana Lobo F., Gayathri A., Prathebha K., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Maria Sumathi B., Flora G. and Egbert Selwin Rose A.13.1 Introduction 21413.2 Characterizations 21513.2.1 XRD and Computational Impactness 21513.2.2 Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Anti-Fungal (AF) Effect of AMPHB Macro and Nano Crystals 21913.3 Conclusion 220References 22114 Super Lattice, Computational Interactions and Bio-Uses of CPDMDP Crystals 227Flora G., Christy S., Shobana V., Divya R., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Pauline Jenifer S., Senthil Kannan K. and Jacintha Tamil Malar A.14.1 Introduction 22814.2 Computational 22914.3 Synthesis 23414.4 Xrd 23414.5 Influx of CPDMDP of Both Scales 23514.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Macro, Nano CPDMDP Crystals 23514.7 Antioxidant Activity 23614.8 Conclusion 237References 23715 Biological Effect Nanotubular, Vanderwall’s Impact, of 4-Methyl-2-Nitroaniline (4M2NA) Nanocrystals 243Senthil Kannan K., Pauline Jenifer S., Divya R., Raju K., Gayathri A., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Maria Sumathi B. and Flora G.15.1 Introduction 24415.2 XRD and Computational Data 24515.3 Biological Activity: Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Antifungal (AF) Effect 25115.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Aspects 251References 25116 Biomedical, Tribological, and Electronic Functionalities of Silver Nanoparticles 257Flora G., Ganesan H., Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Dayana Lobo F., Divya R., Senthil Kannan K. and Sheeba M.16.1 Introduction 25816.2 Tribological Data 25816.3 Influx 25916.4 HeLa Cell Line, Bacterial and Fungal Utility 25916.5 Conclusion 260References 26117 Commercialization of Nanovaccines: Utopia or a Reality? 267Amjad Islam Aqib, Tean Zaheer, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Arslan and Khazeena Atta17.1 Introduction 26817.2 Development of Nanovaccines 27017.3 Novel Adjuvants and Delivery System for Nanovaccines 27017.4 Success Story 27217.5 Nanovaccines in Human Health 27317.6 Nanovaccines in Animal Health 27417.7 Constraints in the Development and Application 27617.8 Issues Related to Product Application 27717.9 Characteristics of Nanoparticles Applicable to Public Health 27817.10 Conclusion 279References 28018 Functionalization of Nanobiomaterials in Nanovaccinology 283Jyothy G. VijayanAbbreviations 28318.1 Introduction 28418.2 Characteristics of Functionalized Bionanoparticles 28518.3 Functionalization of NPs 28518.3.1 Functionalization With Different Ligands 28518.3.2 Polymer Functionalized NPs 28618.4 Nanomaterials for Vaccine Synthesis 28618.4.1 Gold NPS 28618.4.2 Silica NPs 28618.4.3 Calcium NPs 28618.4.4 Polymeric NPs 28618.4.5 Inorganic Magnetic NPs 28718.4.6 Chitosan NPs 28718.4.7 Liposomal NPs 28718.5 Role of the Surface of NPs on Vaccine Development 28818.6 Nanovaccines: Routes of Administration 28818.6.1 Intradermal Routes 28818.6.2 Intramuscular Routes 28918.6.3 Subcutaneous Routes 28918.6.4 Oral Routes 28918.6.5 Nasal Routes 28918.6.6 Tropical Routes 28918.6.7 Ocular Routes 28918.7 Nanovaccines for Different Applications 29018.7.1 Nanovaccines Against Bacteria 29018.7.2 Nanovaccines Against Pathogens 29018.7.3 Nanovaccines Against Viruses 29018.7.4 Nanovaccines Against Parasites 29018.7.5 Nanovaccines Against Cancer 29118.8 Emulsions 29118.9 Nanogels 29118.10 Virus-Like Particles (VLP) 29218.11 Applications of Novel Nanovaccines 29318.12 Applications of Functionalized Nanovaccines 29318.12.1 For Cancer Therapy 29318.12.2 Against Different Infectious Diseases 29418.13 Pros and Cons of Using Vaccines 29418.13.1 Toxicity of NPs 29418.14 Future Aspects 29518.15 Conclusions 295References 29619 Oral Nanovaccines Delivery for Clinical Trials and Commercialization 301Dominic Augustine, Pushpalatha C., Sowmya S.V., Chhaya Kumar, Elizabeth AbbuVarghese and Gayathri V.S.19.1 Introduction 30219.2 Barriers to Oral Vaccines 30219.3 Evolution of Oral Nanovaccines 30419.4 Oral Delivery of Nanovaccines 30519.5 Immune Response to Oral Nanovaccines 30619.6 Oral Nanovaccines Carriers 30719.6.1 Natural Nanovaccine Carriers 30719.6.2 Synthetic Nanovaccine Carriers 30819.7 Formulation Strategies and Characterization of Oral Nanovaccines 31019.8 Regulations and Challenges for Oral Nanovaccines Delivery 31219.9 Future Perspectives 31419.10 Conclusion 314References 315Index 319

Kaushik Pal received his PhD from the University of Kalyani, India in 2014. He is now at the University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab. He has published more than 120 research articles in international journals as well as 23 books. He was recently awarded Honoris Causa Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from Higher National Youth Skills Institute (IKTBN) Sepang, Govt. of Malaysia as well as the Gold Medal awarded by the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

• Preface xv1 Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development and Constraints 1Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanoparticles, an Alternative Approach to Conventional Vaccines 41.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccine Delivery Vehicle 51.4 Nanotechnology to Tackle the Challenges of Vaccine Delivery 61.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 61.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 71.4.3 Biomolecular Nanoparticles 81.4.4 Liposome 91.4.5 Virus-Like Particles 91.4.6 Micelles 91.4.7 Immunostimulating Complexes 101.4.8 Self-Assembled Proteins (SAPNs) 101.4.9 Emulsions 111.5 Constraints and Challenges of Nanovaccines 111.6 Concluding Remarks 12Acknowledgments 13References 132 Nanomedicine and Nanovaccinology Tools in Targeted Drug Delivery 21Bogala Mallikharjuna Reddy2.1 Introduction 212.2 Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Tools 252.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 262.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 262.2.3 Dendrimers 272.2.4 Liposomes 282.2.5 Micelles 292.2.6 Emulsions 302.2.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 302.2.8 Self-Assembled Proteins 312.2.9 Immunostimulating Complexes 322.2.10 Virus-Like Particles 332.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Applications 332.3.1 Cancer 362.3.2 Neurology 372.3.3 Cardiology 382.3.4 Ophthalmology 382.3.5 Pulmonology 392.3.6 Tissue Engineering 402.3.7 Viral Infections 402.3.8 Other Miscellaneous Types 412.4 Commercial Nanodelivery Tools 422.4.1 Industrial Manufacturing 422.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 442.4.3 Risks and Challenges 452.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 46Acknowledgments 47References 473 Nanovaccinology and Superbugs 53Sandhya Kalathilparambil Santhosh, Kaviya Parampath Kootery, Mridul Umesh, Preethi Mariam Alex, Meghna Mani, Adina Roy and Suma Sarojini3.1 Introduction 543.2 Need for Nanovaccines 553.3 Types of Nanovaccines 573.3.1 Subunit Vaccines 573.3.2 Conjugate Vaccines 583.3.3 RNA Vaccines 583.3.4 Reverse Vaccinology 593.3.5 Biomimetic Nanovaccines 603.3.5.1 Biomimetic Membranes 603.3.5.2 Outer Membrane Vesicle Nanoparticles 613.3.6 Nanotoxoids 623.3.7 Liposomes 633.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 633.3.9 Virus-Like Particle 643.3.10 Inorganic Nanoparticles 653.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanovaccines 653.5 Limitations of Nanovaccines 683.6 Conclusion 69Acknowledgment 69References 694 Current Research Trends on SARS-CoV2 Virus Against Nanovaccine Formulation 77Pushpalatha C., Chhaya Kumar, Sowmya S.V., Dominic Augustine, Elizabeth Abbu Varghese and Jithya Suresh4.1 Introduction 784.2 COVID-19/SARS-CoV2 Pathophysiology 784.3 Development of Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 794.4 Biomimetic Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 804.4.1 Virus-Like Particles 844.4.2 Nucleic Acids Vaccines 854.4.3 Protein Vaccines 864.5 Translatable Subunit Nanovaccine Against SARS-CoV 2 864.6 Separable Microneedle Patch Nanovaccine 864.7 Polymer-Based Nanovaccines 874.8 Pharmaceutical Challenges of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 884.9 Future Prospects of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 894.10 Challenges and Limitations 894.11 Conclusion and Outlook 91References 915 Nanovaccinology Against Infectious Disease 95S. Chakroborty and P. Panda5.1 Introduction 965.2 Nanovaccinology Against Bacterial Disease 975.3 Nanovaccinology Against Viral Disease 995.4 Nanovaccinology Against Cancer 1015.5 Nanovaccinology Against Parasite-Born Disease 1085.6 Nanovaccinology Against Autoimmune Disorders 1095.7 Conclusion and Outlook 110Acknowledgments 110References 1106 Preclinical and Commercial Trials of Cancer Diagnosis via Nano-Imaging and Nanovaccinology 115Sowmya S.V., Pushpalatha C., Dominic Augustine, Sibikar P., Bharkhavy K.V. and Elizabeth Abbu Varghese6.1 Introduction 1166.2 Role of Nano-Imaging in Cancer Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment 1176.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 1176.2.2 Quantum Dots 1186.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 1186.2.4 Nanowires 1186.2.5 Cantilevers and Nanopores 1186.2.6 Other Types of Nanoparticles 1186.3 Challenges in the Translation of Nanotechnology-Based Imaging Methods Into Clinical Application 1196.4 Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy 1196.4.1 Composition of Nanovaccines in Cancer Therapy 1206.4.1.1 Antigens 1206.4.1.2 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants 1216.4.1.3 Nanocarriers 1216.5 Functionalities of Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Cancer Vaccines 1226.5.1 Efficient Delivery of Vaccines by Nanocarriers 1236.5.2 Co-Delivery of Antigens and Adjuvants via Nanocarriers 1236.5.3 Nanocarriers Potentiate Immunomodulation Through Multivalent Antigens and/or Adjuvants 1236.5.4 Self-Adjuvanted Nanocarriers 1236.6 Nanovaccine Strategies in Cancer 1236.6.1 STING Agonist-Based Nanovaccines 1246.6.2 Neoantigen Nanovaccines 1246.6.3 mRNA-Based Nanovaccines 1246.6.4 aAPCs 1246.6.5 Nanovaccines for Combination Therapy 1246.7 Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Applications of Nanoimaging and Nanovaccinology in Cancer 1256.8 Recent Developments in the Trials of Nanovaccinology in Cancer 1266.9 Perspectives and Future Directions 1276.10 Conclusions 127References 1277 Biomedical and Electronic Tune-Ups of 2C4NA Nanocrystalline Sample 131Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Anbarasan P., Poorani R., Aarthi N., Ganesan H., Senthil Kannan K. and Flora G.7.1 Introduction 1327.2 Computational, Tribological, Fluorescence, and Influx Study 1337.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study, Anticancer Study, and Anti-Inflammatory Study 1387.4 Conclusion 139References 1398 Biological, Electronic-Filter, Influx and Theoretical Practicalities of 2-Chloro-6-Nitroaniline (2C6NA) Crystals for Biomedical and Microelectronics Tasks 145Maria Sumathi B., Maalmarugan J., Ganesan H., Saravanan P., Patel R.P., Sheeba M., Flora G. and Senthil Kannan K.8.1 Introduction 1468.2 Computational and Influx 1468.3 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiabetic, DPPH, FRAP, Anticancer 1488.4 Conclusion 150References 1519 Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidant, Computational, Filter, and Tribological Characterizations of Bis Glycine Lithium Bromide Monohydrate Nano (32 nm) Scaled Crystals 157Dayana Lobo F., Senthil Kannan K., Mathivanan V., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Christy S., Flora G., Ganesan H. and Maalmarugan J.9.1 Introduction 1589.2 Experimental 1589.2.1 Synthesis 1589.3 Results and Discussions 1599.3.1 Single Crystalline XRD (SXRD) Study and Powder XRD (PXRD) Studies 1599.3.2 Fluorescence (FL) Study for 32-nm Scale 1609.3.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study and Influx Study 1609.3.4 AO-DPPH, FRAP of Antioxidant Activity 1629.3.5 Tribology—Load Capacity by the Compressive Strength Model of the Polymeric Bearings, Software-Based Thermal Ellipsoidal Plot 1629.4 Conclusion 164References 16410 Device Utility, Energy, and Bioutility of N2MNM4MBH Macro, Nano Models 169Pauline Jenifer S., Flora G., Zozimus Divya Lobo C., Charles A., Senthil Kannan K., Anbuvel D., Prajith V. and Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz10.1 Introduction 17010.2 Synthesis and XRD 17110.3 Influx 17110.4 Computational 17110.4.1 Antidiabetic Study 17110.5 Conclusion 177References 17711 Biocurative, Tribological, Electro-Functionalities of ZnO-MIZN Nanoparticles 183Senthil Kannan K., Prabhjeet Kaur Dhillon, Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Padmavathi P., Flora G., Irudhya Sahaya Lancy S., Jeeva Rani Thangam G. and Sheeba M.11.1 Introduction 18411.2 Antibacterial Activity 18511.3 XRD and Magnetic Effect 18611.4 Tribological Data for Nano Sample Coatings of ZnO-MIZN 18911.5 Filter Utility 18911.6 Conclusion 190References 19012 Nanotubular Device Effect, Super Cell Effectiveness, Hirshfeld Energy Analysis and Biomedicinal Efficacy of 2-Fluoro-5-Nitro-Aniline (2F5NA) Crystals 195Flora G., Munikumari A., Sheeba M., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Senthil Kannan K., Ponrathy T., Muthu Sheeba M. and Joshua Steve Abishek B.12.1 Introduction 19612.2 XRD and Computational 19712.3 Bioutility 20712.3.1 Antibacterial of 2F5NA Crystals 20712.4 Conclusion 208References 20813 Nano, Peptide Link, Pharma Impact and Electron Density of AMPHB Macro, Nano Crystalline Samples 213Senthil Kannan K., Dayana Lobo F., Gayathri A., Prathebha K., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Maria Sumathi B., Flora G. and Egbert Selwin Rose A.13.1 Introduction 21413.2 Characterizations 21513.2.1 XRD and Computational Impactness 21513.2.2 Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Anti-Fungal (AF) Effect of AMPHB Macro and Nano Crystals 21913.3 Conclusion 220References 22114 Super Lattice, Computational Interactions and Bio-Uses of CPDMDP Crystals 227Flora G., Christy S., Shobana V., Divya R., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Pauline Jenifer S., Senthil Kannan K. and Jacintha Tamil Malar A.14.1 Introduction 22814.2 Computational 22914.3 Synthesis 23414.4 Xrd 23414.5 Influx of CPDMDP of Both Scales 23514.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Macro, Nano CPDMDP Crystals 23514.7 Antioxidant Activity 23614.8 Conclusion 237References 23715 Biological Effect Nanotubular, Vanderwall’s Impact, of 4-Methyl-2-Nitroaniline (4M2NA) Nanocrystals 243Senthil Kannan K., Pauline Jenifer S., Divya R., Raju K., Gayathri A., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Maria Sumathi B. and Flora G.15.1 Introduction 24415.2 XRD and Computational Data 24515.3 Biological Activity: Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Antifungal (AF) Effect 25115.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Aspects 251References 25116 Biomedical, Tribological, and Electronic Functionalities of Silver Nanoparticles 257Flora G., Ganesan H., Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Dayana Lobo F., Divya R., Senthil Kannan K. and Sheeba M.16.1 Introduction 25816.2 Tribological Data 25816.3 Influx 25916.4 HeLa Cell Line, Bacterial and Fungal Utility 25916.5 Conclusion 260References 26117 Commercialization of Nanovaccines: Utopia or a Reality? 267Amjad Islam Aqib, Tean Zaheer, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Arslan and Khazeena Atta17.1 Introduction 26817.2 Development of Nanovaccines 27017.3 Novel Adjuvants and Delivery System for Nanovaccines 27017.4 Success Story 27217.5 Nanovaccines in Human Health 27317.6 Nanovaccines in Animal Health 27417.7 Constraints in the Development and Application 27617.8 Issues Related to Product Application 27717.9 Characteristics of Nanoparticles Applicable to Public Health 27817.10 Conclusion 279References 28018 Functionalization of Nanobiomaterials in Nanovaccinology 283Jyothy G. VijayanAbbreviations 28318.1 Introduction 28418.2 Characteristics of Functionalized Bionanoparticles 28518.3 Functionalization of NPs 28518.3.1 Functionalization With Different Ligands 28518.3.2 Polymer Functionalized NPs 28618.4 Nanomaterials for Vaccine Synthesis 28618.4.1 Gold NPS 28618.4.2 Silica NPs 28618.4.3 Calcium NPs 28618.4.4 Polymeric NPs 28618.4.5 Inorganic Magnetic NPs 28718.4.6 Chitosan NPs 28718.4.7 Liposomal NPs 28718.5 Role of the Surface of NPs on Vaccine Development 28818.6 Nanovaccines: Routes of Administration 28818.6.1 Intradermal Routes 28818.6.2 Intramuscular Routes 28918.6.3 Subcutaneous Routes 28918.6.4 Oral Routes 28918.6.5 Nasal Routes 28918.6.6 Tropical Routes 28918.6.7 Ocular Routes 28918.7 Nanovaccines for Different Applications 29018.7.1 Nanovaccines Against Bacteria 29018.7.2 Nanovaccines Against Pathogens 29018.7.3 Nanovaccines Against Viruses 29018.7.4 Nanovaccines Against Parasites 29018.7.5 Nanovaccines Against Cancer 29118.8 Emulsions 29118.9 Nanogels 29118.10 Virus-Like Particles (VLP) 29218.11 Applications of Novel Nanovaccines 29318.12 Applications of Functionalized Nanovaccines 29318.12.1 For Cancer Therapy 29318.12.2 Against Different Infectious Diseases 29418.13 Pros and Cons of Using Vaccines 29418.13.1 Toxicity of NPs 29418.14 Future Aspects 29518.15 Conclusions 295References 29619 Oral Nanovaccines Delivery for Clinical Trials and Commercialization 301Dominic Augustine, Pushpalatha C., Sowmya S.V., Chhaya Kumar, Elizabeth AbbuVarghese and Gayathri V.S.19.1 Introduction 30219.2 Barriers to Oral Vaccines 30219.3 Evolution of Oral Nanovaccines 30419.4 Oral Delivery of Nanovaccines 30519.5 Immune Response to Oral Nanovaccines 30619.6 Oral Nanovaccines Carriers 30719.6.1 Natural Nanovaccine Carriers 30719.6.2 Synthetic Nanovaccine Carriers 30819.7 Formulation Strategies and Characterization of Oral Nanovaccines 31019.8 Regulations and Challenges for Oral Nanovaccines Delivery 31219.9 Future Perspectives 31419.10 Conclusion 314References 315Index 319