Nanocarbons for Advanced Energy Storage, Volume 1

Xinliang Feng is a full professor at the Technische Universität Dresden since 2014 and adjunct distinguished professor at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University since 2011 as well as Director for the Institute of Advanced Organic Materials. His current scientific interests include the graphene, two-dimensional nanomaterials, organic conjugated materials, and carbon-rich molecules and materials for electronic and energy-related applications.

• Preface XIIIList of Contributors XV1 Nanostructured Activated Carbons for Supercapacitors 1Wentian Gu, XinranWang, and Gleb Yushin1.1 Supercapacitors 11.2 Activated Carbon as Electrode for Supercapacitors 31.3 Synthesis of ACs 41.3.1 Precursors 41.3.2 Activation Method 111.4 Various Forms of ACs as Supercapacitor Electrodes 131.4.1 Activated Carbon Powders 131.4.2 Activated Carbon Films and Monoliths 141.4.3 Activated Carbon Fibers 151.5 Key Factors Determining the Electrochemical Performance of AC-Based Supercapacitors 161.5.1 Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution 161.5.2 Pore Alignment 191.5.3 Surface Functionalization 201.5.4 Electrical Conductivity of the Electrode 211.5.5 Electrolyte Selection 221.5.6 Understandings of Ion Adsorption in Porous Structure 231.5.7 Quantum Capacitance of Carbon and Doping 261.6 Self-discharge of ACs-Based Supercapacitors 271.7 Summary 28References 292 Nanocarbon Hybrids with Silicon, Sulfur, or Paper/Textile for High-Energy Lithium Ion Batteries 35Nian Liu, Guangyuan Zheng, and Yi Cui2.1 Introduction 352.2 Nanocarbon/Silicon Hybrid Anodes 362.2.1 Nanocarbon@Silicon Structure 372.2.2 Silicon@Nanocarbon Structure 382.2.3 Silicon@Void@Nanocarbon Structure 402.2.4 Nanocarbon/Silicon Hierarchical Structure 412.3 Nanocarbon/Sulfur Hybrid Cathodes 422.3.1 0D Nanocarbon (Nanoporous Carbon) 442.3.2 1D Nanocarbon (Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers) 462.3.3 2D Nanocarbon (Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide) 472.3.4 3D Nanostructured Carbon 482.4 Nanocarbon/Paper/Textile Hybrids as Conductive Substrates 492.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes/Paper/Textile Hybrids 492.4.2 Graphene/Textile Hybrids 512.5 Conclusion and Perspective 52References 523 Precursor-Controlled Synthesis of Nanocarbons for Lithium Ion Batteries 59Shuling Shen, Xianglong Li, and Linjie Zhi3.1 Introduction 593.2 Precursor-Controlled Synthesis of Nanocarbons 603.3 Nanocarbons in LIBs 633.3.1 Pure Nanocarbons as Anode in LIBs 633.3.2 Nanocarbon Composites as Anode in LIBs 673.3.3 Nanocarbon in Cathode of LIBs 783.4 Summary and Outlook 79References 804 Nanocarbon/Metal Oxide Hybrids for Lithium Ion Batteries 87JiapingWang, Li Sun, YangWu, Mengya Li, Kaili Jiang, and Shoushan Fan4.1 Metal Oxides (MOs) for Lithium Ion Batteries 874.2 Carbon Nanocoating/MO Hybrids for LIBs 894.2.1 Manganese Oxides/Carbon Coating Hybrids 894.2.2 Iron Oxides/Carbon Coating Hybrids 914.2.3 Tin Oxides/Carbon Coating Hybrids 924.2.4 Other MOs/Carbon Coating Hybrids 924.3 CNFs/MO Hybrids and CNTs/MO Hybrids 934.3.1 CNFs/MO Hybrids 954.3.2 CNTs/MO Hybrids 964.4 Graphene/MO Hybrids 984.4.1 Cobalt Oxides/Graphene Hybrids 1014.4.2 Iron Oxides/Graphene Hybrids 1014.4.3 Manganese Oxides/Graphene Hybrids 1034.4.4 Tin Oxides/Graphene Hybrids 1044.4.5 Other MOs/Graphene Hybrids 1054.5 Hierarchical Nanocarbon/MO Hybrids 1064.5.1 Carbon Nanocoating/CNTs/MO Hybrids 1064.5.2 Carbon Nanocoating/Graphene/MO Hybrids 1074.5.3 CNFs/CNTs/Graphene/MO Hybrids 1084.6 Summary and Perspectives 110Acknowledgments 111References 1115 Graphene for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries: Development and Prospects 119Lei Wen, Feng Li, Hong-Ze Luo, and Hui-Ming Cheng5.1 Introduction 1195.1.1 Development of Flexible Electronic Devices 1195.1.2 Principle of LIBs 1225.1.3 Current Status of Flexible LIBs 1245.2 Types of Flexible LIBs 1275.2.1 Definition of Flexible LIBs 1275.2.2 Design and Fabrication of Bendable LIBs 1285.2.3 Design and Fabrication of Stretchable LIBs 1315.3 Current Status of Graphene-Based Electrodes for Bendable LIBs 1365.3.1 Fabrication of Graphene 1385.3.2 Graphene/Non-conductive Flexible Substrates 1405.3.3 Graphene Films 1435.3.4 Self-Standing Graphene Composites 1465.3.5 Graphene Fibers 1495.4 Characterization of Graphene-Based Bendable Electrodes 1555.4.1 Mechanical Properties of Flexible Electrodes 1565.4.2 Mechanical Stability of Flexible Electrodes under Deformation 1585.4.3 Static and Quasi-Dynamic Electrochemical Performance 1595.4.4 Dynamic Electrochemical Performance 1615.5 Prospects of Flexible LIBs 1625.6 Summary and Perspective 169Acknowledgment 169References 1696 Supercapatteries with Hybrids of Redox Active Polymers and Nanostructured Carbons 179Anthony J. Stevenson, Denys G. Gromadskyi, Di Hu, Junghoon Chae, Li Guan, Linpo Yu, and George Z. Chen6.1 Introduction 1796.2 Electrochemical Capacitance 1806.3 Supercapattery 1836.4 Carbon Nanotubes and Redox Active Polymers 1856.5 Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Hybrids 1886.5.1 Synthesis of CNT and RAPs Hybrids 1886.5.2 Performance of CNT/RAP Hybrids 1926.6 Electrode and Cell Fabrication 1936.7 Electrolytes and Separator 1966.7.1 Electrolytes 1976.7.2 Separator 1996.8 Recycling of Materials 1996.9 Conclusion 203Abbreviations 204References 2047 Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Produced by the Activation of Graphene 211Ziqi Tan, Guanxiong Chen, and Yanwu Zhu7.1 Introduction 2117.2 Supercapacitors Produced from activated graphene 2157.2.1 Activated Graphene as Electrode Materials 2157.2.2 Effects of Graphene Precursors before Activation 2187.2.3 Optimization Based on Activated Graphene 2207.3 Conclusion and Remarks 223Acknowledgments 223References 2248 Supercapacitors Based on Graphene and Related Materials 227Kothandam Gopalakrishnan, Achutharao Govindaraj, and C. N. R. Rao8.1 Introduction 2278.2 Characteristics of Supercapacitors 2288.3 Activated Carbons 2288.4 Carbon Nanotubes 2318.5 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 2338.6 Graphene Micro-Supercapacitors 2368.7 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 2398.8 Boron-Doped Graphene 2428.9 Graphene Pseudocapacitors 2438.10 Graphene-Conducting Polymer Composites 2438.11 Graphene-Transition Metal Oxide Composites 247References 2499 Self-Assembly of Graphene for Electrochemical Capacitors 253Yiqing Sun and Gaoquan Shi9.1 Introduction 2539.2 The Chemistry of Chemically Modified Graphene 2549.3 The Self-Assembly of CMGs into 2D Films 2559.3.1 Vacuum-Filtration-Induced Self-Assembly 2569.3.2 Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly 2589.3.3 Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) Technique 2599.3.4 Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Assembly 2619.4 Self-Assembling CMG Sheets into 3D Architectures 2639.4.1 Template-Free Self-Assembly 2649.4.2 Template Guided Self-Assembly 2689.4.3 Ice Segregation Induced Self-Assembly 2709.5 Self-Assembled Graphene Materials for ECs 2719.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 274References 27510 Carbon Nanotube-Based Thin Films for Flexible Supercapacitors 279Zhiqiang Niu, Lili Liu,Weiya Zhou, Xiaodong Chen, and Sishen Xie10.1 Introduction 27910.2 Solution-Processed CNT Films 28110.3 Solution-Processed Composite CNT Films 28510.4 Directly Synthesized SWCNT Films 28910.5 The Composite Films Based on Directly Synthesized SWCNT Films 29310.6 Conclusions and Outlook 295References 29611 Graphene and Porous Nanocarbon Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 301Yanhong Lu and Yongsheng Chen11.1 Introduction 30111.2 Construction and Classification of Supercapacitors 30311.2.1 Electrical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 30411.2.2 Pseudo-Supercapacitors (PSCs) 30611.2.3 Asymmetrical Supercapacitors (ASCs) 30811.2.4 Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) 30911.3 A Performance Study of EDLCs Based on Nanocarbon Materials 31111.3.1 Specific Surface Area 31211.3.2 Pore Size Distribution 31311.4 Porous Nanocarbon Materials for Supercapacitors 31511.4.1 Activated Carbons (ACs) 31711.4.2 Templated Carbons 31811.4.3 Carbide-Derived Carbons (CDCs) 32011.4.4 Graphene-Based Materials 321Summary 328Acknowledgments 328References 32812 Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrids for Supercapacitors 339Hao Sun, Xuemei Sun, Zhibin Yang, and Huisheng Peng12.1 Introduction 33912.2 Synthesis of Aligned CNT Materials 33912.3 Properties of Aligned CNT Materials 34312.4 Planar Supercapacitors 34412.5 Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors 34912.6 Summary and Outlook 356References 35713 Theoretic Insights into Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors 361Nada Mehio, Sheng Dai, JianzhongWu, and De-en Jiang13.1 Introduction 36113.2 Classical Density Functional Theory 36213.3 Ionic Liquid-Based Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 36313.3.1 Differential Capacitance at the Planar IL/Electrode Interface 36513.3.2 Interfacial Layering of Ionic Liquids 36613.3.3 Oscillation of Ionic Liquid EDLC Capacitance with Variations in Pore Size 36813.4 Organic Electrolyte Based Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 37113.4.1 Effects of Pore Size on Capacitance for Organic Electrolyte EDLCs 37113.4.2 Effects of Solvent Polarity on Capacitance 37313.5 Summary and Outlook 375Acknowledgments 376References 37614 Nanocarbon-Based Materials for Asymmetric Supercapacitors 379Faxing Wang, Zheng Chang,Minxia Li, and Yuping Wu14.1 Introduction 37914.2 Activated Carbons for ASCs 38214.2.1 Preparation Methods 38214.2.2 Electrochemical Performance in Organic Electrolytes 38314.2.3 Electrochemical Performance in Aqueous Electrolytes 38514.3 Graphene for ASCs 38914.3.1 Preparation Methods 38914.3.2 Electrochemical Performance in Organic Electrolytes 39014.3.3 Electrochemical Performance in Aqueous Electrolytes 39014.4 Nanocarbon Composites for ASCs 39214.4.1 Composites Based on AC 39214.4.2 Composites Based on CNTs 39514.4.3 Composites Based on Graphene 39914.5 Other Carbon Materials and Their Composites for ACSs 40314.5.1 Preparation Methods 40314.5.2 Electrochemical Performance in Organic Electrolytes 40514.5.3 Electrochemical Performance in Aqueous Electrolytes 40614.6 All Solid State ASCs Based on Nanocarbon Materials 40714.7 Summary and Prospects 409Acknowledgments 410References 41015 Nanoporous Carbide-Derived Carbons as ElectrodeMaterials in Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors 417Martin Oschatz, Lars Borchardt, Guang-Ping Hao, and Stefan Kaskel15.1 Introduction 41715.2 Synthesis and Materials 41815.2.1 Historical Perspective 41815.2.2 Mechanisms of CDC Synthesis 41915.2.3 Pore Structure of CDCs 42415.2.4 Hierarchical CDCs from Polymer Precursors 42615.2.5 CDC Nanoparticles 43015.3 Application of CDCs in EDLCs 43115.3.1 Role of Electrolyte System 43215.3.2 Role of Particle Size and Shape 43315.3.3 Role of Mesopore Structure 43415.3.4 Role of Device Design 43615.4 Electrosorption Mechanisms in CDC-Based EDLCs 43715.4.1 Ion Desolvation in CDC Micropores 43815.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 43815.4.3 Computational Modeling Studies 44015.5 Conclusions and Outlook 442Acknowledgments 443References 443Index 455