Editors Nianjun Yang, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Germany Guohua Zhao, School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, China John S. Foord, Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

• List of Contributors xiSeries Preface xvPreface xvii1 Nanoelectrochemistry of Adsorption-Coupled Electron Transfer at Carbon Electrodes 1Shigeru Amemiya1.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview of Adsorption-Coupled ET 21.3 Clean Carbon Electrodes 41.4 SECM-Based Nanogap Voltammetry 71.5 Adsorption-Coupled Outer-Sphere ET 131.6 Self-Inhibition of Outer-Sphere ET 161.7 Coupling Between Outer- and Inner-Sphere ET 191.8 Resolving Outer- and Inner-Sphere ET 231.9 Summary and Perspectives 26Acknowledgments 26References 262 The Capacitance of Graphene: From Model Systems to Large-Scale Devices 33Pawin Iamprasertkun and Robert A.W. Dryfe2.1 Graphene Overview 332.2 Introduction to Capacitance 342.2.1 Capacitance Model 342.2.2 Space Charge Capacitance 362.2.3 Quantum Capacitance 372.3 Capacitance of Graphene 392.4 Formation of Heterostructures: Graphene and Other 2D Materials 432.4.1 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) 432.4.2 2D Nanocrystal or MXenes 442.4.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) 462.4.4 Phosphorene 472.5 Formulation of 3D Graphene Architectures 492.5.1 Graphene Sponges 492.5.2 Template-Assisted Graphene 492.5.3 Graphene Aerogels 512.5.4 Pillared Graphene Frameworks (PGFs) 542.5.5 Carbon Composites 562.6 The Influence of Heteroatom Doping on Graphene 562.6.1 Oxygen-Doped Graphene 572.6.2 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 582.6.3 Boron-Doped Graphene 612.6.4 Use of Other Elements to Dope Graphene 612.6.5 Co-doped Graphene 632.6.6 Multi-element Doping of Graphene 642.7 Application of Graphene in Large-Scale Devices 652.7.1 General Principles of Supercapacitors 652.7.2 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors and Novel Cell Design 682.7.3 Li/Na Ion Capacitors 702.8 Summary and Future Outlook 71References 753 Graphene and Related Materials as Anode Materials in Li Ion Batteries: Science and Practicality 85Sandeep Kumar Marka, Veera Venkata Harish Peruswamula, and Venkata Satya Siva Srikanth Vadali3.1 Introduction 853.2 Graphite as an Anode Material in Li Ion Batteries 863.3 Graphene and Related Materials as Anode Material in Li Ion Batteries 893.3.1 Graphene and Related Materials as Anode Material in LIBs-Science and Practicality 903.3.2 Intercalation-based 913.3.2.1 rGO-TiO2 System 913.3.2.2 rGO-Li4Ti5O12 System 913.3.2.3 rGO-Vanadium Oxides System 923.3.3 Conversion-based 923.3.3.1 MMoO4 (i.e., M = Fe, Co,Ni, Ca, Mn, Zn, and Cu) 923.3.3.2 Mo-Cluster Oxysalts (i.e., A2Mo3O8 Type, A = Fe, Co, Mn, and Zn or LiHoMo3O8) 953.3.4 Alloying-based 973.3.4.1 rGO-Si System 973.3.4.2 rGO-Ge System 993.3.4.3 rGO-SnO2 System 110References 1144 Nanocarbon Materials Toward Textile-Based Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices 123Qiyao Huang, DongruiWang, and Zijian Zheng4.1 Introduction 1234.2 Nanocarbon Materials for TEESDs 1254.2.1 Nanocarbon as Active Material for SCs 1254.2.2 Nanocarbon as Functional Material for LIBs 1274.3 Fabrication of Nanocarbon-Based Electrodes for TEESDs 1274.3.1 Direct Coating on Existing Textile Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics 1284.4 In-Situ Growth on Textile Surfaces 1304.4.1 Direct Spinning of Nanocarbon Fibers 1334.5 Conclusion and Perspective 136References 1375 1D and 2D Flexible Carbon Matrix Materials for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 145Tianyi Wang, Yushu Liu, Dawei Su, and Guoxiu Wang5.1 Introduction 1455.2 The Working Mechanism and Challenges of Li–S Batteries 1455.3 Flexible Cathode Hosts for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 1465.4 Electrolyte Membranes for Flexible Li–S Batteries 1555.5 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Li–S Batteries 1575.6 Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Li–S Batteries 1595.7 Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Li–S Batteries 1595.8 Separator for Flexible Li–S Batteries 1615.9 Summary 165References 1656 Conductive Diamond for Electrochemical Energy Applications 171Siyu Yu, Nianjun Yang, Xin Jiang, Wenjun Zhang, and Shetian Liu6.1 Introduction 1716.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage 1726.2.1 Supercapacitor 1726.2.1.1 Diamond EDLCs 1736.2.1.2 Diamond PC 1776.2.1.3 Supercapacitor Device 1796.2.2 Battery 1806.3 Electrochemical Energy Conversion 1836.3.1 Fuel Cell 1836.3.2 Solar Cell 1866.4 Electrocatalysis for CO2 Conversion 1876.5 Summary and Outlook 191Acknowledgments 192References 1927 Electrocatalysis at Nanocarbons: Model Systems and Applications in Energy Conversion 201Carlota Domínguez, James A. Behan, and Paula E. Colavita7.1 Introduction 2017.2 High-Performing Nanocarbon Electrocatalysts 2037.2.1 Zero-Dimensional (0D) Carbon Materials 2047.2.1.1 Carbon Dots 2057.2.1.2 Carbon Nano-Onions 2057.2.1.3 Carbon Blacks and Activated Carbons 2077.2.2 High Aspect Ratio (1D) Nanocarbons 2087.2.2.1 Nanohorns 2097.2.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers 2117.2.3 Two-Dimensional (2D) Carbon Materials 2167.2.3.1 Graphene and Graphene Nanoribbons 2167.2.3.2 Carbon Nanobelts and Thin Films 2217.2.4 Three-Dimensional (3D) Carbon Materials 2217.2.4.1 Bottom-Up Synthesis of 3D Networks 2227.2.4.2 Templated 3D Superstructures 2247.3 Carbon Model Systems 2257.3.1 HOPG 2297.3.2 Graphene 2337.3.3 Amorphous Carbon 2367.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 239Acknowledgments 240References 2408 Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Porous Carbons for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cell Applications 251Shaofang Fu, Junhua Song, Chengzhou Zhu, Dan Du, and Yuehe Lin8.1 Introduction 2518.2 MOF-Derived Porous Carbon Catalysts 2538.2.1 Heteroatoms Dopant Effects on MOF-Based Porous Carbon Catalysts 2548.2.2 MOF-Derived Carbon Composites 2578.3 Metal Incorporated MOF-Derived Porous Carbon Catalysts 2598.3.1 Impact of Metallic Composition on ORR Activity 2608.3.2 Heteroatom Dopant Effect on Incorporated Metal and Single Atoms 2668.3.3 Morphological Influence on the Catalytic Activity 2688.4 Challenges and Perspective 274References 2769 Diamond Electrodes for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence 285Andrea Fiorani, Irkham, Giovanni Valenti, Yasuaki Einaga, and Francesco Paolucci9.1 Introduction 2859.2 Fundamentals of Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence 2859.3 Coreactants 2879.4 ECL Luminophores 2899.5 Electrochemiluminescence at Diamond Electrodes 2899.6 TPrA 2909.7 Oxalate 2959.8 Hydroxyl Radical 2999.9 Persulfate 3039.10 Luminol 3069.11 Conclusions 312References 31210 Decoration of Advanced Carbon Materials with Metal Oxides for Photoelectrochemical Applications 323Ya-nan Zhang, Huijie Shi, Yuqing Chen, Rongrong Cui, and Guohua Zhao10.1 Introduction 32310.2 BDD and its Application in Electro-Analysis, EC, and PEC Oxidation of Environmental Pollutants 32410.2.1 Detection of Pollutants on BDD 32410.2.2 EC Oxidation of Pollutants on BDD 33010.2.3 PEC Oxidation of Pollutants on BDD 33310.3 Decoration of CA with Metal Oxides and their Photoelectrochemical Applications 33710.3.1 Fabrication and Structures of CA 33710.3.2 Decoration of CA with Metal Oxides for Environmental Application 34110.3.2.1 Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Pollutants 34110.3.2.2 Electro-Fenton and Photo–Electro–Fenton Oxidation of Pollutants 34210.3.2.3 Efficient Electrosorption-Promoted Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Wastewater 34410.4 Summary 346Acknowledgments 347References 347Index 357