Nano-Technological Intervention in Agricultural Productivity

Javid A. Parray, Assistant Professor, Higher Education Department, Government Degree College Eidgah, Srinagar, India. Mohammad Yaseen Mir, Department of School Education, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Nowsheen Shameem, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

• About the Authors xiAbout the Book xiii1 Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles 11.1 Nanoparticles and Their Functions 11.2 Classification of NPs 21.2.1 Carbon-Based NPs 21.2.2 Metal Nanoparticles 21.2.3 Ceramic NPs 31.2.4 Semiconductor NPs 31.2.5 Polymeric NPs 31.2.6 NPs Based on Lipids 41.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 41.3.1 Top-Down Synthesis 41.3.2 Bottom-Up Synthesis 51.4 NPs and Characterization 61.4.1 Morphological Characterization 61.4.1.1 SEM Technique 61.4.1.2 TEM Technique 61.4.2 Structural Characteristics 71.4.2.1 XRD 71.4.2.2 Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) 71.4.2.3 XPS 71.4.2.4 FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopies 81.4.3 Particle Size and Surface Area Characterization 81.4.4 Optical Characterizations 81.5 Physicochemical Properties of NPs 91.5.1 Mechanical and Optical Properties 91.5.2 Magnetic Properties 91.5.3 Mechanical Properties 101.5.4 Thermal Properties 101.6 Functions of NPs 101.6.1 Drugs and Medications 111.6.2 Materials and Manufacturing 111.6.3 Environment 121.6.4 Electronics 121.6.5 Energy Harvesting 12References 132 Implications of Nanotechnology and Environment 212.1 Ecotoxicological Implications of Nanoparticles 212.1.1 Ecotoxicity of Fullerenes 232.1.2 Ecotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes 232.1.3 Ecotoxicity of Metal Nanoparticles 232.1.4 Ecotoxicity of Nanocomposites 242.1.5 Ecotoxicity of Oxide Nanoparticles 252.2 Nanotechnology and Agriculture 262.3 Risk Assessment Factors and Modulation of Nanomaterials 27References 303 Nanotechnology and Disease Management 373.1 Recent Advancements in Plant Nanotechnology 373.1.1 Cerium Oxide (CeO2) NPs 383.1.2 Silver NPs 383.1.3 Titanium Dioxide (ToO2) NPs 393.1.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) NPs 413.1.5 Cupric Oxide (CuO) NPs 413.1.6 Gold NPs (GNPs) 423.1.7 Carbon Nanotubes 423.1.8 Nickel Oxide NPs 433.2 Nanotechnology: Role in Plant-Parasitic Control 433.2.1 Nanocapsules: Liposomes and Polymers 443.2.1.1 Potential Uses in Controlling ParasiticWeeds 443.3 Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Transgenic Crops and Nanotechnology 453.3.1 Nanotechnology in Gene Transfer Experiments 453.4 Plant Pathogens and Nanoparticle Biosynthesis 463.4.1 Bacteria-Mediated Biosynthesis 473.4.2 Fungal Mediated Biosynthesis 483.5 Nanomaterial and Plant Protection Against Pests and Pathogens 493.6 Future Perspectives 51References 514 Nanotechnology in Agri-Food Production 594.1 Nanomaterials 594.2 Nanotechnology and Food Systems: Food Packing 604.3 Nano-Nutraceuticals 614.3.1 Issues with Nano-Nutraceuticals 624.4 Nanotechnological Advancement in Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) 634.4.1 Passive Nano-Delivery Systems 634.4.1.1 Cyclosporin A 634.4.1.2 Nisin 644.4.1.3 Polymyxin 644.4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides in Targeted Nano-Delivery Systems 644.5 Assessment of Nanotechnology for Enhanced Food Security 654.5.1 Framework for Assessing the Potential Role of Nanotechnology in Food 654.5.2 Assessment of Nanotechnology Potential Through Literature Survey 654.6 Future Perspectives 66References 665 Nanotechnology: Improvement in Agricultural Productivity 735.1 Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Use in Agriculture 735.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles 735.1.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 745.1.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles 755.2 Nanorobots 765.2.1 Environment Monitoring 775.2.2 Nanorobot Sensors 795.2.3 Pollutant and Chemical Detection 795.2.4 Metal Identification 805.2.5 Nanorobot Data Transmission 815.2.6 Nanorobot System on Nanotechnology Chip 825.3 Natural Nanostructures in Food 825.3.1 Protein-Based Nanostructures 835.3.1.1 β-Lactoglobulin 845.3.1.2 Serum Albumin 855.3.1.3 α-Lactalbumin and Lysozyme (Lys) 855.3.1.4 Ovalbumin and Avidin 865.3.1.5 Transferrins 865.3.1.6 Osteopontin and Osteopontin Lactoperoxidase (OPN) 875.3.2 Formation of Natural Nanostructure Subsequently to MolecularInteraction/Complexation 885.3.2.1 Lipid-Based Nanostructures 89References 906 Lignin Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application 976.1 Overview of Lignin Nanoparticles 976.2 Lignin Nanoparticle Synthesis (LNPs) 986.2.1 Polymerization 986.2.2 Acid Precipitation 986.2.3 Solvent Exchange Method 996.2.4 Ultrasonication 1006.2.5 Biological Method 1006.3 Application of Lignin Nanoparticles (LNPs) 1016.3.1 Antibacterial Activity 1016.3.2 Antioxidant Activity 1026.3.3 UV Absorbents 1026.3.4 Hybrid Nanocomposites 1036.3.5 Drug Delivery System 1036.3.6 Adsorbents to Remove Dyes 1046.3.7 As a Capacitor 1046.3.8 As a Nano-trap 105References 1057 Contemporary Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 1097.1 Introduction 1097.2 Nanofertilizers 1107.3 Nanocomposites 1117.4 Nanobiosensors 1127.4.1 Nanosensors in Agriculture 1137.4.2 Monitoring Soil Conditions and Plant Growth Regulators 1137.4.3 Plant Pathogen Recognition 1147.4.4 Detection of Pesticide Residues 1147.5 Nanopesticides 1157.6 Natural Nanoparticles: Environmental and Health Implications 1187.6.1 Water Quality 1187.6.2 Interactions with Contaminants and Other Organisms 1197.6.3 Environmental Risks and Biogeochemistry of NNPs 1207.6.4 Environmental Issues 1207.7 Future Perspective 121References 1218 Nanotechnology: Advances in Plant and Microbial Science 1318.1 Engineered Nanomaterials and Soil Remediation 1318.1.1 ENMs: Role in Soil Remediation 1328.1.1.1 Immobilization 1328.1.1.2 Photocatalytic Degradation 1348.2 Fate and Interactions of Nanomaterials in Soil 1358.2.1 Nanoparticles and Plants 1368.2.2 Suppressive Effects on Plants 1368.2.3 Promontory Plant Effects 1368.2.4 Nanoparticles and Impacts on Soil Microbes 1388.2.5 Zinc and Sulfur Nanoparticles 1388.2.6 Copper and Silica Nanoparticles 1398.3 Nanomaterials and Metal Components: Accumulation and TranslocationWithin Plants 1398.3.1 NPS: Uptake and Translocation in Plants 1408.3.2 NPS: Root Uptake and Translocation 1418.3.3 Assimilated Root Uptake and Translocation Pathways of Nanoparticles 1428.3.4 NPS: Transformation in the Rhizosphere 1448.4 Biotransformation of ENPs in Plants 1458.5 Effect of Nanomaterials on Plants 1468.5.1 Positive Effects 1468.5.2 Toxicity 147References 1489 Food Application and Processing: Nanotechniques and BioactiveDelivery Systems 1619.1 Introduction 1619.2 Phytochemicals and Nanoparticles 1649.3 Bioactive Delivery Systems 1679.3.1 Nanotechnology of Natural Products and Drug Delivery 1699.4 Bioactive Delivery Systems 1739.4.1 Protein-Based Nanoscale Delivery Systems 1739.4.2 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoscale Delivery Systems 1759.4.3 Complex or Hybrid Nanoscale Delivery Systems 1779.5 Toxicity of Biodegradable Nanoparticles 1809.6 Future Perspectives 181References 182Index 197