Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and Systems

Dr. Apostolos Geogiadis, CTTC, SpainApostolos Georgiadis received his PhD in electrical engineering from University of Massachusetts, USA. He worked as a systems engineer involved with CMOS transceivers for WiFi applications before returning to academia. His current research interests include active antennas and radio frequency identification technology and energy harvesting.Professor Hendrik Rogier, Ghent University, BelgiumHendrik Rogier is a Senior Member of the IEEE. His research interests include the analysis of electromagnetic waveguides, signal integrity (SI) problems and smart antenna systems for wireless networks.Professor Luca Roselli, University of Perugia, ItalyLuca Roselli is Director of the Science & Technology Committee of the research center 'Pischiello' for the development of automotive and communication technologies. His scientific interests include the design of high-frequency electronic circuits, systems and RFID sensors.Professor Paolo Arcioni, University of Pavia, ItalyPaolo Arcioni is a reviewer for the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a member of the European Microwave Association, and of the Societa Italiana di Elettromagnetismo.

• About the Editors xiiiAbout the Authors xviiPreface xxxiList of Abbreviations xliList of Symbols xlvPart I DESIGN AND MODELING TRENDS1 Low Coefficient Accurate Nonlinear Microwave and Millimeter Wave Nonlinear Transmitter Power Amplifier Behavioural Models 31.1 Introduction 31.1.1 Chapter Structure 41.1.2 LDMOS PA Measurements 41.1.3 BF Model 71.1.4 Modified BF Model (MBF) – Derivation 81.1.5 MBF Models of an LDMOS PA 131.1.6 MBF Model – Accuracy and Performance Comparisons 151.1.7 MBF Model – the Memoryless PA Behavioural Model of Choice 22Acknowledgements 24References 242 Artificial Neural Network in Microwave Cavity Filter Tuning 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Artificial Neural Networks Filter Tuning 282.2.1 The Inverse Model of the Filter 292.2.2 Sequential Method 302.2.3 Parallel Method 312.2.4 Discussion on the ANN’s Input Data 332.3 Practical Implementation – Tuning Experiments 362.3.1 Sequential Method 362.3.2 Parallel Method 412.4 Influence of the Filter Characteristic Domain on Algorithm Efficiency 432.5 Robots in the Microwave Filter Tuning 472.6 Conclusions 49Acknowledgement 49References 493 Wideband Directive Antennas with High Impedance Surfaces 513.1 Introduction 513.2 High Impedance Surfaces (HIS) Used as an Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) for Antenna Applications 523.2.1 AMC Characterization 523.2.2 Antenna over AMC: Principle 553.2.3 AMC’s Wideband Issues 553.3 Wideband Directive Antenna Using AMC with a Lumped Element 573.3.1 Bow-Tie Antenna in Free Space 573.3.2 AMC Reflector Design 593.3.3 Performances of the Bow-Tie Antenna over AMC 603.3.4 AMC Optimization 613.4 Wideband Directive Antenna Using a Hybrid AMC 643.4.1 Performances of a Diamond Dipole Antenna over the AMC 653.4.2 Beam Splitting Identification and Cancellation Method 693.4.3 Performances with the Hybrid AMC 733.5 Conclusion 78Acknowledgments 80References 804 Characterization of Software-Defined and Cognitive Radio Front-Ends for Multimode Operation 834.1 Introduction 834.2 Multiband Multimode Receiver Architectures 844.3 Wideband Nonlinear Behavioral Modeling 874.3.1 Details of the BPSR Architecture 874.3.2 Proposed Wideband Behavioral Model 894.3.3 Parameter Extraction Procedure 924.4 Model Validation with a QPSK Signal 954.4.1 Frequency Domain Results 954.4.2 Symbol Evaluation Results 98References 995 Impact and Digital Suppression of Oscillator Phase Noise in Radio Communications 1035.1 Introduction 1035.2 Phase Noise Modelling 1045.2.1 Free-Running Oscillator 1045.2.2 Phase-Locked Loop Oscillator 1055.2.3 Generalized Oscillator 1075.3 OFDM Radio Link Modelling and Performance under Phase Noise 1095.3.1 Effect of Phase Noise in Direct-Conversion Receivers 1105.3.2 Effect of Phase Noise and the Signal Model on OFDM 1105.3.3 OFDM Link SINR Analysis under Phase Noise 1135.3.4 OFDM Link Capacity Analysis under Phase Noise 1145.4 Digital Phase Noise Suppression 1185.4.1 State of the Art in Phase Noise Estimation and Mitigation 1195.4.2 Recent Contributions to Phase Noise Estimation and Mitigation 1225.4.3 Performance of the Algorithms 1285.5 Conclusions 129Acknowledgements 131References 1316 A Pragmatic Approach to Cooperative Positioning in Wireless Sensor Networks 1356.1 Introduction 1356.2 Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks 1366.2.1 Range-Free Methods 1366.2.2 Range-Based Methods 1396.2.3 Cooperative versus Noncooperative 1426.3 Cooperative Positioning 1426.3.1 Centralized Algorithms 1436.3.2 Distributed Algorithms 1446.4 RSS-Based Cooperative Positioning 1476.4.1 Measurement Phase 1476.4.2 Location Update Phase 1486.5 Node Selection 1506.5.1 Energy Consumption Model 1526.5.2 Node Selection Mechanisms 1536.5.3 Joint Node Selection and Path Loss Exponent Estimation 1566.6 Numerical Results 1606.6.1 OLPL-NS-LS Performance 1646.6.2 Comparison with Existing Methods 1646.7 Experimental Results 1666.7.1 Scenario 1 1666.7.2 Scenario 2 1696.8 Conclusions 169References 1707 Modelling of Substrate Noise and Mitigation Schemes for UWB Systems 1737.1 Introduction 1737.1.1 Ultra Wideband Systems – Developments and Challenges 1747.1.2 Switching Noise – Origin and Coupling Mechanisms 1757.2 Impact Evaluation of Substrate Noise 1767.2.1 Experimental Impact Evaluation on a UWB LNA 1777.2.2 Results and Discussion 1787.2.3 Conclusion 1817.3 Analytical Modelling of Switching Noise in Lightly Doped Substrate 1827.3.1 Introduction 1827.3.2 The GAP Model 1857.3.3 The Statistic Model 1927.3.4 Conclusion 1957.4 Substrate Noise Suppression and Isolation for UWB Systems 1957.4.1 Introduction 1957.4.2 Active Suppression of Switching Noise in Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits 1967.5 Summary 204References 205Part II APPLICATIONS8 Short-Range Tracking of Moving Targets by a Handheld UWB Radar System 2098.1 Introduction 2098.2 Handheld UWB Radar System 2108.3 UWB Radar Signal Processing 2108.3.1 Raw Radar Data Preprocessing 2118.3.2 Background Subtraction 2128.3.3 Weak Signal Enhancement 2138.3.4 Target Detection 2148.3.5 Time-of-Arrival Estimation 2158.3.6 Target Localization 2178.3.7 Target Tracking 2178.4 Short-Range Tracking Illustration 2188.5 Conclusions 223Acknowledgement 224References 2249 Advances in the Theory and Implementation of GNSS Antenna Array Receivers 2279.1 Introduction 2279.2 GNSS: Satellite-Based Navigation Systems 2289.3 Challenges in the Acquisition and Tracking of GNSS Signals 2309.3.1 Interferences 2329.3.2 Multipath Propagation 2329.4 Design of Antenna Arrays for GNSS 2339.4.1 Hardware Components Design 2349.4.2 Array Signal Processing in the Digital Domain 2399.5 Receiver Implementation Trade-Offs 2449.5.1 Computational Resources Required 2449.5.2 Clock Domain Crossing in FPGAs/Synchronization Issues 2479.6 Practical Examples of Experimentation Systems 2489.6.1 L1 Array Receiver of CTTC, Spain 2489.6.2 GALANT, a Multifrequency GPS/Galileo Array Receiver of DLR, Germany 253References 27210 Multiband RF Front-Ends for Radar and Communications Applications 27510.1 Introduction 27510.1.1 Standard Approaches for RF Front-Ends 27510.1.2 Acquisition of Multiband Signals 27610.1.3 The Direct-Sampling Architecture 27710.2 Minimum Sub-Nyquist Sampling 27810.2.1 Mathematical Approach 27810.2.2 Acquisition of Dual-Band Signals 27910.2.3 Acquisition of Evenly Spaced Equal-Bandwidth Multiband Signals 28210.3 Simulation Results 28410.3.1 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Cases 28410.3.2 Verification of the Mathematical Framework 28510.4 Design of Signal-Interference Multiband Bandpass Filters 28710.4.1 Evenly Spaced Equal-Bandwidth Multiband Bandpass Filters 28810.4.2 Stepped-Impedance Line Asymmetrical Multiband Bandpass Filters 28910.5 Building and Testing of Direct-Sampling RF Front-Ends 29010.5.1 Quad-Band Bandpass Filter 29010.5.2 Asymmetrical Dual-Band Bandpass Filter 29110.6 Conclusions 293References 29411 Mm-Wave Broadband Wireless Systems and Enabling MMIC Technologies 29511.1 Introduction 29511.2 V-Band Standards and Applications 29711.2.1 IEEE 802.15.3c Standard 29711.2.2 ECMA-387 Standard 29911.2.3 WirelessHD 30011.2.4 WiGig Standard 30111.3 V-Band System Architectures 30211.3.1 Super-Heterodyne Architecture 30211.3.2 Direct Conversion Architecture 30311.3.3 Bits to RF and RF to Bits Radio Architectures 30511.4 SiGeV-Band MMIC 30611.4.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillator 30711.4.2 Active Receive Balun 31011.4.3 On-Chip Butler Matrix 31311.4.4 High GBPsSiGeV-Band SPST Switch Design Considerations 31711.5 Outlook 320References 32212 Reconfigurable RF Circuits and RF-MEMS 32512.1 Introduction 32512.2 Reconfigurable RF Circuits – Transistor-Based Solutions 32612.2.1 Programmable Microwave Function Arrays 32612.2.2 PROMFA Concept 32712.2.3 Design Example: Tunable Band Passfilter 33112.2.4 Design Examples: Beamforming Network, LNA and VCO 33312.3 Reconfigurable RF Circuits Using RF-MEMS 33512.3.1 Integration of RF-MEMS and Active RF Devices 33612.3.2 Monolithic Integration of RF-MEMS in GaAs/GaN MMIC Processes 33712.3.3 Monolithic Integration of RF-MEMS in SiGeBiCMOS Process 34212.3.4 Design Example: RF-MEMS Reconfigurable LNA 34412.3.5 RF-MEMS-Based Phase Shifters for Electronic Beam Steering 34812.4 Conclusions 353References 35313 MIOS: Millimeter Wave Radiometers for the Space-Based Observation of the Sun 35713.1 Introduction 35713.2 Scientific Background 35813.3 Quiet-Sun Spectral Flux Density 35913.4 Radiation Mechanism in Flares 36113.5 Open Problems 36113.6 Solar Flares Spectral Flux Density 36313.7 Solar Flares Peak Flux Distribution 36413.8 Atmospheric Variability 36513.9 Ionospheric Variability 36613.10 Antenna Design 36913.11 Antenna Noise Temperature 37113.12 Antenna Pointing and Radiometric Background 37313.13 Instrument Resolution 37313.14 System Overview 37413.15 System Design 37613.16 Calibration Circuitry 37813.17 Retrieval Equations 38113.18 Periodicity of the Calibrations 38113.19 Conclusions 384References 38414 Active Antennas in Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology 38714.1 Introduction 38714.2 Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technology 38814.3 Passive SIW Cavity-Backed Antennas 38814.3.1 Passive SIW Patch Cavity-Backed Antenna 38914.3.2 Passive SIW Slot Cavity-Backed Antenna 39114.4 SIW Cavity-Backed Antenna Oscillators 39514.4.1 SIW Cavity-Backed Patch Antenna Oscillator 39514.4.2 SIW Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna Oscillator with Frequency Tuning 39714.4.3 Compact SIW Patch Antenna Oscillator with Frequency Tuning 40114.5 SIW-Based Coupled Oscillator Arrays 40614.5.1 Design of Coupled Oscillator Systems for Power Combining 40714.5.2 Coupled Oscillator Array with Beam-Scanning Capabilities 41214.6 Conclusions 414References 41515 Active Wearable Antenna Modules 41715.1 Introduction 41715.2 Electromagnetic Characterization of Fabrics and Flexible Foam Materials 41915.2.1 Electromagnetic Property Considerations for Wearable Antenna Materials 41915.2.2 Characterization Techniques Applied to Wearable Antenna Materials 41915.2.3 Matrix-Pencil Two-Line Method 42015.2.4 Small-Band Inverse Planar Antenna Resonator Method 42715.3 Active Antenna Modules for Wearable Textile Systems 43615.3.1 Active Wearable Antenna with Optimized Noise Characteristics 43615.3.2 Solar Cell Integration with Wearable Textile Antennas 44515.4 Conclusions 451References 45216 Novel Wearable Sensors for Body Area Network Applications 45516.1 Body Area Networks 45516.1.1 Potential Sheet-Shaped Communication Surface Configurations 45616.1.2 Wireless Body Area Network 46016.1.3 Chapter Flow Summary 46016.2 Design of a 2-D Array Free Access Mat 46016.2.1 Coupling of External Antennas 46216.2.2 2-D Array Performance Characterization by Measurement 46416.2.3 Accessible Range of External Antennas on the 2-D Array 46716.3 Textile-Based Free Access Mat: Flexible Interface for Body-Centric Wireless Communications 46716.3.1 Wearable Waveguide 47016.3.2 Summary on the Proposed Wearable Waveguide 47516.4 Proposed WBAN Application 47616.4.1 Concept 47616.5 Summary 478Acknowledgment 478References 47817 Wideband Antennas for Wireless Technologies: Trends and Applications 48117.1 Introduction 48117.1.1 Antenna Concept 48217.2 Wideband Antennas 48317.2.1 Travelling Wave Antennas 48317.2.2 Frequency Independent Antennas 48417.2.3 Self-Complementary Antennas 48517.2.4 Applications 48617.2.5 Ultra Wideband (UWB) Arrays: Vivaldi Antenna Arrays 48917.2.6 Wideband Microstrip Antennas: Stacked Patch Antennas 49517.3 Antenna Measurements 49617.4 Antenna Trends and Applications 49817.4.1 Phase Arrays and Smart Antennas 49917.4.2 Wearable Antennas 50217.4.3 Capsule Antennas for Medical Monitoring 50317.4.4 RF Hyperthermia 50317.4.5 Wireless Energy Transfer 50317.4.6 Implantable Antennas 503Acknowledgements 504References 50418 Concluding Remarks 509Index 511