Metrology in Industry

Dominique Placko is Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, France, where he teaches applied physics and electronic sciences. He is the writer of over 100 scientific papers in the past 25 years, including contributions to international journals and conferences. He has also published eight books and is co-inventor for 15 patents. He received the Blondel award in 1998.

• Preface 15Foreword 17Chapter 1. Analysis of the Metrological Requirements Needed to Ensure Quality 19Jean-Yves ARRIAT and Klaus-Dieter SCHITTHELM1.1. Introduction 191.2. Definition of the objectives 211.3. Choice of the method of measurement 221.3.1. Accounting for the selection of the method 221.3.2. Defining the method and the principle to implement 231.4. Choice of the means of measurement 241.4.1. Introduction 241.4.2. Analysis of what is already available 251.4.3. Assessment and acquisition of material 261.4.4. Technical criteria 271.4.5. Economic criteria 301.4.6. Grid of the analysis of the choice 311.4.7. Technical assistance for users of measuring instruments 331.5. The traceability of the measurements 361.5.1. The necessity of traceability of the measurements 361.5.2. Calibration requirements 381.5.3. The selection of standards 391.6. Conclusion 42Chapter 2. Organization of Metrology: Industrial, Scientific, Legal 43Luc ERARD, Jean-François MAGANA, Roberto PERISSI, Patrick REPOSEUR and Jean-Michel VIRIEUX2.1. A metrological organization: why? 432.2. Metrology: how? 452.3. Scientific and technical metrology 472.3.1. The BIPM 482.3.2. Results of the international activities 502.3.3. Regional organizations 512.3.4. Organization at the national level 592.4. Legal metrology 672.4.1. Scope of legal metrology 672.4.2. The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) 682.4.3. The European level 712.4.4. At national level 73Chapter 3. Mastering Measurement Processes Approach to the Setting up of a Metrology Function 79Marc PRIEL and Patrick REPOSEUR3.1. What to do at the beginning? 793.2. Goals and role of the measurement management system – metrological function 803.3. The measurement processes 863.3.1. Conception and development of a new measurement process 863.3.2. Exploitation of a valid process 883.3.3. Continuous improvement of measurement processes 883.4. Management of the measuring equipment (metrological confirmation) 893.4.1. Analysis of the requirement and selection of the measuring equipments 913.4.2. Receiving the measuring equipment and putting it into service 933.4.3. Calibration and verification operations 973.4.4. Fitness for use of measuring equipment 1003.5. Setting up a metrological structure within the firm 1023.5.1. Analysis of the metrological requirements and setting up standards 1023.5.2. Traceability of the measuring instrument(s) to the firm’s reference standards 1043.5.3. Traceability of the firm’s reference standards to the SI 1043.6. Suggested approach for setting up a metrology function 1053.7. Bibliography 106Chapter 4. Handling of a Bank of Measuring Instruments 109Jean-Yves ARRIAT4.1. Acquaintance with the bank 1104.1.1. Inventory 1104.1.2. Identification 1104.2. Metrological policy of the firm 1134.2.1. Objective and commitment of the firm’s management 1134.2.2. Plan of actions to launch 1134.2.3. Awareness, training and vocabulary 1134.2.4. Selection of the material to be followed periodically 1144.3. Drafting of the documents 1154.3.1. Codification of the documents 1154.3.2. Work instructions 1164.3.3. Result-recording documents 1174.3.4. Other documents 1184.4. Physical handling of the measuring instruments 1194.4.1. Receipt 1194.4.2. Transfer 1204.4.3. Storing and environment 1214.4.4. Maintenance 1224.5. Follow-up of the measuring instruments over time 1234.5.1. Periodicity of the follow-up 1234.5.2. Campaign of recall 1244.5.3. Follow-up of the results 1254.6. Software for the handling of the means of measurements 125Chapter 5. Traceability to National Standards 127Luc ERARD and Patrick REPOSEUR5.1. Introduction 1275.2. Definitions 1275.2.1. Traceability 1275.2.2. Calibration 1285.2.3. Verification 1295.3. Traceability chains 1295.4. Traceability 1315.5. Calibration 1325.5.1. Calibration in an accredited laboratory 1325.5.2. Calibration in a non-accredited laboratory 1325.6. Verification 1335.6.1. Verification in an accredited laboratory and in its accreditation scope 1335.6.2. Verification in a non-accredited laboratory or out of the accreditation scope 133 5.7. Use of calibration and verification results 1335.7.1. Use of the results of a calibration 1345.7.2. Use of the results of a verification 1345.8. Particular cases 1355.8.1. “Self-calibrating” or “self-gauging” measuring instruments 1355.8.2. Complex instruments in which components/equipments and software are narrowly combined and large measurement ranges are covered for complex quantities 1365.9. Metrology in chemistry and physical methods of chemical analysis 1365.9.1. Traceabilty in metrology in chemistry 1375.9.2. Influence of the principle of the method 1395.9.3. “Documentary” traceability 1415.9.4. Control of the reference materials 1435.9.5. Conclusion 1455.10. Assessment of traceability 1455.11. Bibliography 146Chapter 6. Calibration Intervals and Methods for Monitoring the Measurement Processes 149Patrizia TAVELLA and Marc PRIEL6.1. Normative requirements 1496.2. Methods for monitoring the instruments in use – general criteria 1506.2.1. First method: metrological redundancies 1506.2.2. Second method: checking the coherence of the results 1516.2.3. Third method: “monitoring standards” and statistical supervision of the measurement processes 1526.3. The determination of the calibration intervals 1586.4. Bibliography 161Chapter 7. Measurements and Uncertainties 163Marc PRIEL7.1. Introduction 1637.2. Measurement of physical quantity 1647.3. Analysis of the measurement process 1667.3.1. The cause and effect diagram method 1667.3.2. Using the list published in the GUM (section 3.3.2) 1677.3.3. Errors 1687.3.4. Cutting down the errors 1697.4. Modeling of the measurement process 1727.4.1. Measurement procedure and model of the measurement process 1727.4.2. An essential stage for the assessment of uncertainty: modeling the measurement 1737.5. Assessment of the uncertainty of the input quantities 1747.5.1. Type A methods 1757.5.2. Type B methods 1767.5.3. Comparing the Type A and Type B methods 1797.6. Calculating the combined uncertainty on the result 1807.6.1. Situation when all the input quantities are independent 1807.6.2. Situation when the input quantities are dependent 1817.7. Use of the performances of the method (repeatability and freedom of bias) to assess the uncertainty of the measurement result 1837.7.1. Intra- or interlaboratory approaches 1847.7.2. Intra-laboratory approach 1857.7.3. Interlaboratory approach 1867.7.4. Data processing for intra- and interlaboratory approaches 1877.8. Reporting of the measurement result 1897.9. Example 1907.10. Bibliography 193Chapter 8.The Environment of Measuring 195Jean-Yves ARRIAT and Marc PRIEL8.1. The premises 1968.1.1. Ambient temperature 1978.1.2. Relative humidity 1988.1.3. Handling of the air conditioning systems 1998.1.4. Power network 1998.1.5. Radioelectric disturbances 1998.1.6. Measurements on-site 2008.2. The personnel 2008.2.1. The connection of metrology function 2008.2.2. Staff involved in the metrology function 2018.2.3. The qualification of the personnel 2028.3. The documentation 2028.3.1. Filing of the documents 2028.3.2. Management of the documents 2048.4. Bibliography 2058.5. Appendix 206Chapter 9. About Measuring 209Claude KOCH9.1. Preliminary information 2099.1.1. Physical quantity 2099.1.2. The object to be measured 2109.1.3. Field of measurement 2109.1.4. Four types of uses of measuring instruments 2119.1.5. Influencing quantities 2129.2. Choice of a measuring principle 2139.2.1. Differential measurement 2149.2.2. Direct measurement 2149.2.3. Indirect measurement 2149.3. Practicing in metrology 2159.3.1. Implementing the instruments 2169.3.2. Precautions before measuring 2169.3.3. Measurements 2169.3.4. Variations and their sign 2179.3.5. The time factor 2189.4. Expression of the results 2189.4.1. Graphs 2209.4.2. Histograms 2209.5. What qualities does a metrologist require? 2219.5.1. Be inquisitive 2229.5.2. Be tidy and methodical 2229.5.3. Be open to doubt 2229.5.4. Be observant 2229.5.5. Be honest 223Chapter 10. Organization of Metrology at Solvay Research and Technology 225José MONTES10.1. Presentation of the company 22510.2. Organization of the metrology sector 22610.2.1. Creation 22610.2.2. Missions 22610.2.3. Organization 22610.2.4. Geographic localization of the activities 22710.2.5. Composition of the bank of measuring equipment 22710.3. Metrology 22810.3.1. Identification 22810.3.2. Connection of the standards 22810.3.3. Periodicity of the calibrations 22910.3.4. Calibration operations 22910.3.5. Documentation of the calibration results 23010.3.6. Verdict of the metrological confirmation 23110.3.7. Indication of the state of the calibrations 23110.3.8. Personnel and subcontracting 232Chapter 11. Metrology within the Scope of the ISO 9001 Standard 233Philippe LANNEAU and Patrick REPOSEUR11.1. Introduction 23311.2. Introduction to the evolution of the standard 23411.2.1. The concept of continuous improvement 23411.2.2. The process approach 23511.3. Measurement control process 23611.4. The ISO 9001 (2000) standard step-by-step 23811.5. Conclusion 245Chapter 12. Training for the Metrology Professions in France 247Bernard LARQUIER12.1. The metrology function in a firm’s strategy 24712.2. Metrology profession 24812.2.1. Metrological engineer 24912.2.2. Metrological technician 24912.2.3. Metrological operator 25012.3. Initial training 25012.3.1. Schools for engineers 25012.3.2. Courses for higher level technicians 25112.3.3. Vocational high schools 25112.4. Continuing education 25112.5. Long-lasting training courses 25312.6. The teaching of metrology in secondary schools 26512.7. Prospects for the development of long-lasting training courses 26512.8. Bibliography 266The Authors 267Index 269