Metrology and Standardization for Nanotechnology

Elisabeth Mansfield is research chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. She obtained her PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. During her career at NIST, she received both the Bronze and Silver Medal of the Department of Commerce/NIST for extending thermogravimetric analysis to the microscale and for pioneering work on carbon nanotube purification and analysis. Elisabeth Mansfield is member of various standards committees, among them the ASTM committee on thermal analysis and the ISO committee on nanoparticles.Debra L. Kaiser is a Technical Program Director in the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. She obtained her ScD in Materials Science and Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She worked as a postdoctoral fellow and consultant at the IBM Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, before joining NIST. After a productive research and management career, she now holds the position of Technical Program Director of the NIST Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety Program. She is vice-chairman of ASTM International Committee E56 on Nanotechnology.Daisuke Fujita is the Executive Vice President of the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba, Japan. He obtained his MSc and PhD degrees in materials science and engineering from the University of Tokyo. Daisuke Fujita was senior researcher at the National Institute for Metals (NRIM) before joining NIMS as group leader in 2001. Subsequently he became Associate Director of the Nanomaterials Laboratory at NIMS, Managing Director of the Advanced Nano Characterization Center, Coordinating Director of the Key Nanotechnologies Division, and Director of the Advanced Key Technologies Division before assuming his current responsibilities.Marcel Van de Voorde has 40 years' experience in European Research Organisations including CERN-Geneva, European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart, Germany. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy and management, especially in European research institutions. He holds a Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, as well as multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary Professorships.He is senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, in Salzburg and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a Fellow of various scientific societies and has been decorated by the Belgian King. He has authored of multiple scientific and technical publications and co-edited multiple books in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

• Foreword XXVIIPreface XXIX1 Introduction: An Overview of Nanotechnolgy and Nanomaterial Standardization and Opportunities and Challenges 1Ajit Jillavenkatesa1.1 Standards and Standardization 11.2 Nanotechnology Standardization 21.3 Nanomaterial Standardization 81.4 Challenges 91.5 Opportunities 121.6 Summary 13Part One Nanotechnology Basics: Definitions, Synthesis, and Properties 152 Nanotechnology Definitions at ISO and ASTM International: Origin, Usage, and Relationship to Nomenclature and Regulatory and Metrology Activities 17Frederick C. Klaessig2.1 Introduction 172.2 Context based on Size, Property, and Regulatory Framework 192.3 Nano-objects: Particles, Shapes, and Shape Descriptors 242.4 Collections of Nano-Objects 272.5 Layers and Coatings as Surface Chemistry 312.6 National Definitions 322.7 Nomenclature 342.8 Terminology as a Controlled Vocabulary and Nomenclature as Knowledge Organization 422.9 Concluding Remarks 44Acknowledgments 44References 453 Engineered Nanomaterials: a Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials 49Marcel Van de Voorde, Maciej Tulinski, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk3.1 Description of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 493.2 Nanomaterials’ Morphologies 493.3 Types of Nanomaterials 533.4 Properties of Nanomaterials 583.5 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites 613.6 Conclusions and Outlook 69References 704 Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods 75Maciej Tulinski and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk4.1 Classification 754.2 Physical Methods 784.3 Chemical Methods 824.4 Mechanical Methods 874.5 Biological Synthesis 944.6 Summary 95References 965 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 99Linda J. Johnston, Elisabeth Mansfield, and Gregory J. Smallwood5.1 Introduction 995.2 Composition 1005.3 Size and Size Distribution 1025.4 Morphology and Shape 1055.5 Aggregation and Agglomeration 1075.6 Surface Properties 1085.7 Conclusions and Outlook 110References 1116 Biological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 115Dong Hyun Jo, Jin Gyeong Son, Jin Hyoung Kim, Tae Geol Lee, and Jeong Hun Kim6.1 Introduction 1156.2 Biological Properties of ENMs 1166.3 Metrology and Standardization of ENMs in the Context of Biological Properties 1236.4 Conclusions 125References 125Part Two Metrology for Engineered Nanomaterials 1297 Characterization of Nanomaterials 131Alan F. Rawle7.1 Introduction 1317.2 Size 1337.3 Shape 1367.4 Surface 1397.5 Solubility 1427.6 International Standards and Standardization 1447.7 Summary 146Acknowledgments 146References 1478 Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials 151Aleksandr B. Stefaniak8.1 Introduction 1518.2 ENM Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization 1548.3 Summary 169List of Abbreviations 169Disclaimer 170References 1709 Analytical Measurements of Nanoparticles in Challenging and Complex Environments 175Bryant C. Nelson and Vytas Reipa9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Nanoparticle Measurements in Soils and Sediments 1759.3 Nanoparticle Measurements in Air 1779.4 Nanoparticle Measurements in Cosmetics 1799.5 Nanoparticle Measurements in Aquatic Environments 1809.6 Nanoparticle Measurements in Foods 1829.7 Nanoparticle Measurements in Biological Matrices 1849.8 Key Challenges for Characterizing Nanoparticle Sizes and Shapes in Biological Matrices 1849.9 Key Challenges in the Quantitative Measurement of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 1869.10 Key Challenges for Determining Nanoparticle Dose/Concentration in Biological Matrices 1879.11 Key Challenges in Measuring Nanoparticle Agglomeration in Biological Matrices 1889.12 Notable Instrumentation for Characterizing Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 1889.13 Concluding Remarks 190NIST Disclaimer 191List of Acronyms 191References 19210 Metrology for the Dimensional Parameter Study of Nanoparticles 197N. Feltin, S. Ducourtieux, and A. Delvallée10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Traceability of the Dimensional Measurements at the Nanoscale 19810.3 Measuring the Nanoparticle Size 20110.4 Conclusions 209References 20911 Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques: Nanoscale Properties 211Daisuke Fujita11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Historical Overview of Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques 21211.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 21411.4 Electron Microscopy 21911.5 Emerging Nanocharacterization Techniques 22211.6 Summary 227References 22712 Tribological Testing and Standardization at the Micro- and Nanoscale 229Esteban Broitman12.1 Introduction 22912.2 A Brief History of Tribology 23012.3 Scale Effects in Tribology Testing 23212.4 Experimental Methods for Tribology Characterization 23412.5 International Standardization in Micro- and Nanotechnology 243Acknowledgments 246References 24613 Stochastic Aspects of Sizing Nanoparticles 249Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski13.1 Introduction 249References 257Part Three Nanotechnology Standards 25914 ISO Technical Committee 229 Nanotechnologies 261Heather Benko14.1 Introduction 26114.2 ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies 262References 26715 Standards from ASTM International Technical Committee E56 on Nanotechnology 269Debra L. Kaiser and Kathleen Chalfin15.1 Introduction 26915.2 ASTM International 27015.3 ASTM Technical Committee E56 27115.4 ASTM E56 Standards 27315.5 ASTM E56 Future Technical Focus Areas 27615.6 Summary 277References 27716 International Electrotechnical Commission: Nanotechnology Standards 279Michael Leibowitz16.1 International Electrotechnical Commission 27916.2 IEC Technical Committee 113 28016.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 286References 28617 Standardization of Nanomaterials: Methods and Protocols 289Dr. Jean-Marc Aublant17.1 Genesis of CEN/TC 352 28917.2 Nanostrand: a European Road Map of Standards Needs for Nanotechnologies 29017.3 Mandate for a European Standardization Program for Nanotechnologies 29117.4 Mandate for Developing European Standards for Nanotechnologies 29317.5 Publication and Ongoing Work of CEN/TC 352 294References 29718 Nanomaterial Recommendations from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 299Elisabeth Mansfield, Richard Hartshorn, and Andrew Atkinson18.1 IUPAC Organization 29918.2 The Future of IUPAC in Nanotechnology 30218.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 304References 30519 Reference Nanomaterials to Improve the Reliability of Nanoscale Measurements 307G. Roebben, V.A. Hackley, and H. Emons19.1 Introduction 30719.2 Reference Materials for Quality Control 30819.3 Reference Materials for Instrument Calibration 31019.4 Reference Materials for Method Validation 31219.4.3 Example 3: Within-Laboratory Method Validation 31519.5 Outlook/Future Trends 31719.6 Conclusions 320Acknowledgment 320Disclaimer 320References 32120 Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) and its Role in Nanotechnology Standardization 323Stephen Freiman20.1 Background 32320.2 How Does VAMAS Help? 32420.3 The VAMAS Role in Nanotechnology 32520.4 Summary 326Part Four Risk-Related Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials 32721 Categorization of Engineered Nanomaterials For Regulatory Decision-Making 329Maria J. Doa21.1 Introduction 32921.2 Chemical Categories 33021.3 Adoption of a Similar Approach for Nanomaterials 33121.4 Categorization in a North American Regulatory Context 33421.5 Physicochemical Properties 33921.6 Conclusion 340References 34022 Nano-Exposure Science: How Does Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials Happen? 343Christie M. Sayes and Grace V. Aquino22.1 Introduction 34322.2 The Stages of a Product’s Lifecycle 34322.3 Product Life Evaluation 34422.4 Product Lifecycle versus Product Value Chain 34422.5 Exposure at Each Stage of the ENM Product Lifecycle 34822.6 Environmental Release of Engineered Nanomaterials from Common Nano-enabled Products 35422.7 Conclusions 356References 35723 Nanotoxicology: Role of Physical and Chemical Characterization and Related In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Methods 363Pavan M. V. Raja, Ghislaine Lacroix, Jacques-Aurélien Sergent, Frédéric Bois, Andrew R. Barron, Enrico Monbelli, and Dan Elgrabli23.1 Importance of Toxicological Studies – Interaction of Nanoparticles and Living Species 36323.2 Regulatory Aspects Applied to Nanomaterials 36723.3 Essential Chemical and Physical Characterization for Nanotoxicological Studies 37123.4 Methods in Nanotoxicology 37223.5 Conclusions 376References 37624 Minimizing Risk: An Overview of Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Nanomaterials 381Jo Anne Shatkin, Kimberly Ong, and James Ede24.1 How Risk Assessment and Risk Management Can Minimize Risk 38124.2 Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 38324.3 Risk Management of Nanomaterials 39524.4 Conclusions 402References 403Part Five Nanotechnology-based Products, Applications, and Industry 40925 Nanoenabled Products: Categories, Manufacture, and Applications 411Wendel Wohlleben, Christian Punckt, Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann, Friedrich Siebers, Frank Menzel, Daniel Esken, Claus-Peter Drexel, Henning Zoz, Hans Ulrich Benz, Andreas Weier, Martin Hitzler, Andrea Iris Schäfer, Luisa De Cola, and Eko Adi Prasetyanto25.1 General Overview 41125.2 Case Studies: Composite Systems 42625.3 Case Studies: Nanoporous Systems 44025.4 Case Studies: Particle-Based Systems 44725.5 Summary and Outlook 457References 46026 Application of Nanomaterials to Industry: How Are Nanomaterials Used and What Drives Future Applications? 465Denis Koltsov and Iwona Koltsov26.1 Introduction 46526.2 Nanomaterial Application Types 46626.3 Sources of Innovation for Nanomaterials 47226.4 Barriers for Implementation 47326.5 Applications 47626.6 Conclusions 481References 48127 Ethics and Nanomaterials Industrial Production 485Daniel Bernard27.1 Current Situation 48727.2 Strategy 49127.3 Safety 49327.4 Data Generation and Expertise Implementation 49627.5 Transparency 49827.6 Conclusions 499List of Acronyms 502References 50328 Nanomaterials for Energy Applications 505K. E. Hurst, J. M. Luther, C. Ban, and S. T. Christensen28.1 Introduction 50528.2 Photovoltaics 50528.3 Solid-State Lighting 50728.4 Fuel Cell 50928.5 Biomass 51028.6 Electrochemical Batteries 51128.7 Electrochemical Capacitors 51228.8 Hydrogen Storage 51328.9 Conclusions 515References 51529 The Importance of Metrology and Standardization of Nanomaterials for Food Industry and Regulatory Authorities in Europe 519Reinhilde Schoonjans and Qasim Chaudhry29.1 Introduction 51929.2 Current Trends in the Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Agri/Food/Feed Products 52029.3 Nanometrology in Agri/Food/Feed 52229.4 Regulatory Aspects Relating to Standardization and Safe Use of Nanomaterials 52729.5 Safety Data for Regulatory Authorization in Europe 52929.6 Current Status of Regultory Assessments in Europe 53029.7 Concluding Remarks 533References 53430 Magnetic Properties and Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials 539Cindi L. Dennis30.1 Introduction 53930.2 Fundamentals of Nanomagnetism 53930.3 Applications of Nanomagnets 54730.4 Summary 557References 55731 Nanomaterials in Textiles 559Keana Scott, Vicenç Pomar-Portillo, and Socorro Vázquez-Campos31.1 Introduction 55931.2 Manufacturing Processes 56031.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 56431.4 Applications 56631.5 Conclusions 569References 569Index 573