Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability, 3 Volume Set

Baldev Raj is Professor and Director of the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) in Bengaluru, India. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc.) in Bangalore, India, in 1989. He has pursued his work in interdisciplinary domains of energy, cultural heritage, medical technologies, nanoscience and technology and education.Prof. Raj has authored more than 1100 scientific publications and 70 books. He has been recognized by way of more than 100 awards, 380 honors, keynote, invited lectures and assignments in more than 30 countries. He is a fellow of all major science, engineering and social sciences academies in India. Marcel Van de Voorde has 40 years` experience in European Research Organisations including CERN-Geneva, European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart, Germany. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy and management, especially in European research institutions. He holds a Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, as well as multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary Professorships.He is senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, in Salzburg and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a Fellow of various scientific societies and has been decorated by the Belgian King. He has authored of multiple scientific and technical publications and co-edited multiple books in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Y. R. Mahajan obtained his PhD from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in New York, USA, in 1978. He carried out his postdoctoral research at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA. Then he held various roles as senior scientist at the Defense Metallurgical Research Laboratory; associate director, ARC International; associate technology director, Defense Research and Development Laboratory, Hyderabad, India. Under his leadership, a number of ceramic-based technologies were developed and transferred to industry. Since 2009, he is working as a technical advisor at the Centre for Knowledge Management of Nanoscience and Technology in Telangana, India. Dr. Mahajan has published more than 130 scientific publications and holds 13 patents.

• Foreword by Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. Mult. Herbert Gleiter XXXVForeword by Prof. Dr. Joachim Maier XXXVIIForeword by Prof. C.N.R. RAO, F.R.S. XXXIX“Perspective” on the Book on Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy by Prof. Tu Hailing XLIA Way Forward by Baldev Raj, Marcel Van de Voorde, and Yashwant Mahajan XLVIntroduction by Baldev Raj, Marcel Van de Voorde, and Yashwant Mahajan LIIIVolume 1Part One Energy Production 11 Fossil Fuels: The Effect of Zeolite Catalyst Particle Morphology on Catalyst Performance in the Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons 3Katarzyna Anna Łukaszuk, Pablo del Campo Huertas, Andrea Molino, Malte Nielsen, Daniel Rojo-Gama, Juan Salvador Martinez-Espin, Karl Petter Lillerud, Unni Olsbye, Silvia Bordiga, Pablo Beato, and Stian Svelle1.1 Zeolites and Zeotypes as Nanocatalysts for Petroleum and Natural Gas 31.2 Modification of Porosity: Hierarchical Zeolites 41.3 Modification of Size and Morphology 81.4 Tools to Predict and Characterize Zeolite Morphology 141.5 Tailor-Made Catalysts for the Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons (MTH) Reaction 181.6 Summary and Outlook 29Acknowledgments 30References 302 Fossil Fuels: Nanotechnologies for Petroleum Reservoir Engineering 41Igor N. Evdokimov2.1 Introduction 412.2 Addition of Nanosized Colloidal Particles to Technological Fluids 422.3 Indigenous Nanocolloidal Particles in Native Petroleum Fluids 512.4 Conclusions 532.5 Appendix 54References 553 Fossil Fuels: Coke-Resistant Nanomaterials for Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Fuels 59Brian A. Rosen and Sarika Singh3.1 Introduction to Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology 593.2 A Thermodynamic View of Catalyst Coking 603.3 Tuning of Active Sites to Resist Coking 653.4 Methods for Characterizing Carbon Deposits 713.5 Summary and Outlook 79References 794 Photovoltaics: Light Energy Harvesting with Plasmonic Nanoparticle Networks 83Jean-Paul Hugonin, Mondher Besbes, and Philippe Ben-Abdallah4.1 Introduction 834.2 Light Absorption by a Single Particle 844.3 Light Absorption by a Collection of Particles 864.4 Upper Bound for Light Absorption in Nanoparticle Networks 894.5 Light Absorption Beyond the Dipolar Approximation 914.6 Design of Absorption Spectrum with Plasmonic Particles 934.7 Concluding Remarks 97Acknowledgments 97References 985 Photovoltaics: Role of Nanotechnology in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 101Murugesan Janani, Shantikumar V. Nair, and A. Sreekumaran Nair5.1 Nanotechnology and Its Relevance 1015.2 A Brief History on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 1025.3 Construction and Working of DSSCs 1035.4 Transparent Conducting Substrate 1045.5 Semiconductor Materials 1055.6 Nanotechnology vis–à–vis Renewable Energy Industry 1055.7 Nanotechnology vis–à–vis Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 1055.8 Sensitizer 1185.9 Plasmonics 1225.10 Counter Electrode 1245.11 Conclusions 127References 1286 Photovoltaics: Nanomaterials for Photovoltaic Conversion 133Abdelilah Slaoui, Daniel Lincot, Jean François Guillemoles, and Ludovic Escoubas6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Photovoltaic Materials and Technologies: State of the Art 1346.3 Nanomaterials for Photovoltaics 1376.4 Conclusion and Outlook 157References 1587 Photovoltaics: Light-Trapping in Crystalline Silicon and Thin-Film Solar Cells by Nanostructured Optical Coatings 163Pierpaolo Spinelli, B.K. Newman, and A. Polman7.1 Introduction 1637.2 Crystalline Si Solar Cells 1657.3 Nanostructured Coatings for Thin-Film Solar Cells 1717.4 Other PV Applications of Resonant Nanostructures 1767.5 Summary 177References 1788 Photovoltaics: Nanoengineered Materials and Their Functionality in Solar Cells 181Kaining Ding, Thomas Kirchartz, Karsten Bittkau, Andreas Lambertz, Vladimir Smirnov, Jürgen Hüpkes, and Uwe Rau8.1 Introduction 1818.2 Functional Elements of a Solar Cell 1828.3 Transparent and Conductive Front Electrodes 1858.4 Nanostructured Contact Material 1878.5 Nanostructured Absorber Materials 1918.6 Back Electrodes and Intermediate Layer 1968.7 Conclusions 200References 2009 Nonselective Coatings for Solar Thermal Applications in CSP 207Raj Kumar Bera, Daniel Mandler, and Shlomo Magdassi9.1 Introduction 2079.2 Materials 2109.3 Fabrication Methods 2129.4 Performance 2159.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonselective Overselective Coatings 2279.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 2279.7 Future Aspects 228References 22910 Selective Surfaces for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion in CSP: From Multilayers to Nanocomposites 231Audrey Soum-Glaude, Laurie Di Giacomo, Sébastien Quoizola, Thomas Laurent, and Gilles Flamant10.1 Introduction 23110.2 State of the Art on Selective Surfaces for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion 23210.3 W–SiC Multinanolayers as High-Temperature Solar Selective Coatings 23710.4 Conclusions 243Acknowledgments 244References 24411 Nanobiotechnology Augmenting Biological Gaseous Energy Recovery 249Shantonu Roy and Debabrata Das11.1 Introduction 24911.2 Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production and Its Improvement Using Nanoparticles 25011.3 Gaseous Energy Extraction via Biomethanation Process and Improvement of Biomethanation Process UsingNanoparticles 25611.4 BioH2 Production via Photofermentation and Role of Nanoparticles in the Improvement of H2 Production 26011.5 Photocatalytic Conversion of Acetate in Spent Media to H2 26211.6 Conclusion 265Acknowledgments 266References 26612 Nanotechnologies in Sodium-Cooled Fast Spectrum Reactor and Closed Fuel Cycle Sustainable Nuclear Energy System 271Baldev Raj and U. Kamachi Mudali12.1 Introduction 27112.2 Nanomaterials for Nuclear Systems 27312.3 Nanosensors, Surface Modification, and Coatings for Reactor and Reprocessing Applications 28012.4 Surface Modification and Coating Technologies Based on Nanotechnology 28512.5 Summary 290Acknowledgments 291References 29113 Nanotechnology and Applications for Electric Power: The Perspective of a Major Player in Electricity 295Didier Noël13.1 The Context and Perspective of a Global Player in Electricity 29513.2 The Issue of Nanotechnology for Electric Power 29813.3 Main Subjects Studied 29913.4 Social Acceptance and Health Risk 31513.5 Conclusions 320Acknowledgments 320References 32014 Lightweight Nanostructured Materials and Their Certification for Wind Energy Applications 323Bikramjit Basu, Sherine Alex, and N. Eswara Prasad14.1 Introduction 32314.2 Property Requirements for Wind Energy Applications 32614.3 Brief Overview on Materials for Wind Energy Applications 33214.4 Properties of Bulk Ceramic Nanomaterials 33914.5 Certification 34214.6 Conclusion and Outlook 346Acknowledgments 348References 348Volume 2Part Two Energy Storage and Distribution 35315 Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries 355T. Sri Devi Kumari, T. Prem Kumar, and A.K. Shukla15.1 Introduction 35515.2 Anode-Active Materials 35715.3 Cathode-Active Materials 36115.4 Electrolytes 36215.5 New Reactions 36415.6 Safety 36715.7 Conclusions 369References 36916 Carbon Nanotube Materials to Realize High-Performance Supercapacitors 377Anthony Childress, Jingyi Zhu, Mehmet Karakaya, Deepika Saini, Ramakrishna Podila, and Apparao Rao16.1 Introduction 37716.2 CNI’s Contributions 38016.3 Sustainability 38616.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 387Acknowledgment 387References 38717 Recent Developments and Prospects of Nanostructured Supercapacitors 391Katherine L. Van Aken and Yury Gogotsi17.1 Introduction 39117.2 Properties of Supercapacitors 39117.3 Terminology and Electric Double Layer 39317.4 Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors 39517.5 Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitors 39817.6 Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces 40017.7 Design of Capacitive Energy Storage Devices through Electrode–Electrolyte Coupling 40417.8 Future Outlook and Recommendations 409Acknowledgments 410References 41018 Nanostructured and Complex Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage 415Lars H. Jepsen, Mark Paskevicius, and Torben R. Jensen18.1 Introduction 41518.2 The “Weaker” Bonds Formed by Hydrogen 41718.3 The “Stronger” Bonds Formed by Hydrogen 41818.4 Conclusion 427References 42719 Nanotechnology for the Storage of Hydrogen 433Marek Nowak and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk19.1 Introduction 43319.2 Nanotechnology 43319.3 Intermetallics-Based Hydrides with Nanostructure 44019.4 Nanocomposite-Based Hydrides 45219.5 Summary 456References 45620 Phase Change Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage 459Kinga Pielichowska and Krzysztof Pielichowski20.1 Introduction 45920.2 Nanoenhanced PCMs 46120.3 Nanostructured PCMs 47620.4 Conclusions 478Acknowledgment 479References 47921 Carbon Nanotube Wires and Cables: Near-Term Applications and Future Perspectives 485Jeremy Lee and Seeram Ramakrishna21.1 Introduction 48521.2 Carbon Nanotube Wires and Cables 49021.3 Applications of CNT Wires and Cables 50021.4 Conclusion 502Acknowledgments 502References 502Part Three Energy Conversion and Harvesting 50722 Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials: Current Research and Future Challenges 509Hilaal Alam and Seeram Ramakrishna22.1 Introduction to Thermoelectricity 50922.2 Challenges to Increase the Efficiency 51122.3 Electronic and Phonon Properties 51622.4 Current Researches: Thermoelectric Nano Materials materials and Their Performances 51822.5 Future Challenges 53022.6 Roadmap for the Future Researches 53322.7 Conclusion 535References 53723 Nanostructured Cost-Effective and Energy-Efficient Thermoelectric Materials 547Zhi-Gang Chen and Jin Zou23.1 Introduction 54723.2 Key Parameters for Controlling ZT 54823.3 Material Requirements 55023.4 Nanostructure Engineering to Lower Thermal Conductivity 55123.5 Band Engineering to Enhance the Power Factor 55423.6 Development of Cost-Effective and Energy-Efficient Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials 55523.7 Outlook and Future Challenge 559Acknowledgment 560References 56024 Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Technology 569K.S. Dhathathreyan, N. Rajalakshmi, and R. Balaji24.1 Introduction 56924.2 Nanomaterials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell and Fuel Cells Operating on Small Organic Molecules 56924.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 57924.4 Conclusion 585References 58625 Contributions of Nanotechnology to Hydrogen Production 597Sambandam Anandan, Femi Thomas Cheruvathoor, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar25.1 Introduction 59725.2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting Reaction 59825.3 Nano Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting 60025.4 Summary 624Acknowledgment 624References 62526 Nanoenhanced Materials for Photolytic Hydrogen Production 629Xiuquan Gu, Shuai Yuan, Mingguo Ma, and Jiefang Zhu26.1 Introduction 62926.2 Basic Principle and Evaluation Methods for Photolytic H2 Production 63026.3 Photolytic H2 Evolution Based on Nanoenhanced Materials 63226.4 Conclusion and Outlook 645Acknowledgments 646References 64627 Human Vibration Energy Harvester with PZT 649Tamil Selvan Ramadoss and Seeram Ramakrishna27.1 Introduction to Micro Energy Harvesting 64927.2 Human Vibration Energy Harvester with PZT 65527.3 Alternative Design of Cantilever Piezoelectric Energy Harvester 66027.4 Stress Distribution Simulation for Different Surface Shapes 66427.5 Variable Profile Thickness of the Metal Shim 66627.6 Comparison of Stress Distribution for Various Surface Shapes and Profiles 67127.7 Output Power Comparison of Various Profiles 67227.8 Conclusion 673Acknowledgment 674References 67428 Energy Consumption in Information and Communication Technology: Role of Semiconductor Nanotechnology 679Victor V. Zhirnov and Kota V.R.M. Murali28.1 Introduction 67928.2 Elements of Information Processing 68128.3 Energy Consumption in Computing: From Bits to Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS) 68728.4 Fundamental Physics of Binary Operations 69028.5 Opportunities for Beyond the Current Information and Communication Technology Paradigm 701References 704Volume 3Part Four Nanoenabled Materials and Coatings for Energy Applications 70729 Nanocrystalline Bainitic Steels for Industrial Applications 709C. Garcia-Mateo and F.G. Caballero29.1 Introduction 70929.2 Design of Nanocrystalline Steel Grades: Scientific Concepts 70929.3 Microstructure and Properties 71229.4 Summary 721Acknowledgments 721References 72230 Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Storage 725Edward P. Randviir and Craig E. Banks30.1 Graphene Hits the Headlines 72530.2 Graphene: Why All the Fuss? 72630.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Energy Storage Devices 72730.4 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Energy Generation Devices 734References 74131 Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Nanoparticles at the Crossroad between Materials Science and Nanotechnology and Their Applications with Regard to Sustainability 745Leela S. Panchakarla and Reshef Tenne31.1 Introduction 74531.2 Synthesis and Structural Characterization 74631.3 Doping Inorganic Fullerenes/Nanotubes 75731.4 Applications 75831.5 Fullerenes and Nanotubular Structures from Misfit Layered Compounds 76431.6 Conclusions 776References 77632 Nanotechnology, Energy, and Fractals Nature 781Vojislav V. Mitic ́, Ljubiša M. Kocic ́, Steven Tidrow, and Hans-Jörg Fecht32.1 Introduction 78132.2 Short Introduction to Fractals 78232.3 Nanosizes and Fractals 78432.4 Energy and Fractals 78832.5 Toward Fractal Nanoelectronics 79332.6 The Goldschmidt’s Tolerance Factor, Clausius–Mossotti Relation, Curie, and Curie–Weiss Law Bridge to Fractal Nanoelectronics Contribution 79732.7 Summary 803Acknowledgment 805References 80533 Magnesium Based Nanocomposites for Cleaner Transport 809Manoj Gupta and Sankaranarayanan Seetharaman33.1 Introduction 80933.2 Fabrication of Magnesium-based Nanocomposites 81133.3 Mechanical Properties and Corrosion 81433.4 Engineering Properties 82233.5 Potential Applications in Transport Industries 82433.6 Challenges 82533.7 Conclusions 825References 82634 Nanocomposites: A Gaze through Their Applications in Transport Industry 831Kottan Renganayagalu Ravi, Jayakrishnan Nampoothiri, and Baldev Raj34.1 Introduction 83134.2 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites in Transport Sector 83234.3 Lightweight High-strength Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 83834.4 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites in Transport Industry 84534.5 Nanocomposite Coating 84934.6 Challenges and Opportunities for Nanocomposites 849References 85135 Semiconducting Nanowires in Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Energy Generation 857Guglielmo Vastola and Gang Zhang35.1 Introduction 85735.2 Fabrication of Silicon and Silicon–Germanium Nanowires 85835.3 Nanowire-based Photovoltaics 86535.4 Introduction of Thermoelectric Effects 87135.5 Thermal Conductivity of Silicon Nanowires 87435.6 Thermoelectric Property of Silicon Nanowires 87635.7 Thermoelectric Property of Silicon–Germanium Nanowires 87735.8 Thermoelectric Property of Other Nanowires 879References 88136 Nanoliquid Metal Technology Toward High-Performance Energy Management, Conversion, and Storage 887Jing Liu36.1 Introduction 88736.2 Typical Properties of Nanoliquid Metal 88936.3 Emerging Applications of Nanoliquid Metal in Energy Areas 89236.4 Challenging Scientific and Technological Issues 90436.5 Summary 906Acknowledgment 907References 90737 IoNanofluids: Innovative Agents for Sustainable Development 911Carlos Nieto de Castro, Xavier Paredes, Salomé Vieira, Sohel Murshed, Maria José Lourenço, and Fernando Santos37.1 Introduction 91137.2 IoNanofluids: Nature, Definitions, Preparation, and Structure Characterization 91237.3 IoNanofluids Properties 92037.4 Applications of IoNanofluids 92637.5 Challenges in IoNanofluids Research 93037.6 Challenges to Industrial Applications 931Acknowledgments 932References 932Part Five Energy Conservation and Management 93738 Silica Aerogels for Energy Conservation and Saving 939Yamini Ananthan, K. Keerthi Sanghamitra, and Neha Hebalkar38.1 Introduction 93938.2 Thermal Insulation Materials 94038.3 Aerogels 94038.4 Preparation 94438.5 Aerogels in Various Forms: Monoliths, Granules, and Sheets 94538.6 Thermal Insulation Applications 95438.7 Energy Saving and Conservation Using Aerogel Products 96038.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 96138.9 Safety and Hazard Measures 96238.10 Summary 962Acknowledgments 963References 96339 Nanotechnology in Architecture 967George Elvin39.1 Nanotechnology and Green Building 96739.2 Energy 96939.3 Air and Water 97839.4 Materials 98039.5 Nanosensors 99039.6 Environmental and Health Concerns 991References 99240 Nanofluids for Efficient Heat Transfer Applications 997Baldev Raj, S.A. Angayarkanni, and John Philip40.1 Introduction 99740.2 Traditional Nanofluids 99940.3 CNT-Based Nanofluids 100840.4 Magnetic Nanofluids 100940.5 Graphene Nanofluids 101240.6 Hybrid Nanofluid 101340.7 Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change Material 101540.8 Conclusions 1018Acknowledgment 1019References 1019Part Six Technologies, Intellectual Property, and Markets 102941 Nanomaterials for Li-Ion Batteries: Patents Landscape and Product Scenario 1031Md Shakeel Iqbal, Nisha C. Kalarickal, Vivek Patel, and Ratnesh Kumar Gaur41.1 Introduction 103141.2 Lithium-Ion Battery: Basic Concepts 103141.3 Advantages of Nanostructured Materials 103441.4 Patent Analysis 103541.5 Technology Analysis 103841.6 Commercial Status of Nano-Enabled Li-Ion Batteries 105041.7 Market 105141.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 1051References 105342 Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells: A Bibliometric Analysis 1057Manish Sinha, Ratnesh Kumar Gaur, and Harshad Karmarkar42.1 Introduction 105742.2 Literature Analysis 105842.3 Patent Landscaping 106142.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Patent Analysis 106742.5 Technology Analysis 107042.6 Scenario of Commercial Products Can Be Moved after Future Perspectives 107542.7 Future Perspectives 107742.8 Conclusion 1077Acknowledgments 107843 Techno-Commercial Opportunities of Nanotechnology in Wind Energy 1079Vivek Patel and Y.R. Mahajan43.1 Introduction 107943.2 Wind Energy Industry Requirements 108043.3 Growth Drivers 108143.4 Challenges 108143.5 Applications 108343.6 Intellectual Property Scenario 109443.7 Products Outlook 109843.8 Future Development and Directions 110043.9 Conclusion 1102Acknowledgment 1103References 1103Part Seven Environmental Remediation 110744 Nanomaterials for the Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Renewable Fuels and Value-Added Products 1109Ibram Ganesh44.1 Introduction: Dealing with the Waste Stream Greenhouse CO2 Gas 110944.2 Theoretical Potentials for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 111244.3 CO2 Speciation versus Electrolyte pH 112044.4 Effect of Particle Size on Electrode Performance in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction 112544.5 Effect of Particle Size on the Efficiency of Aqueous-Based CO2 Reduction Reactions 112644.6 Effect of Particle Size on the Efficiency of Nonaqueous-Based CO2 Reduction Reactions 112944.7 Reverse Microbial Fuel Cells: The Practical Artificial Leaves 113344.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 1136Acknowledgments 1136References 113645 Nanomaterial-Based Methods for Cleaning Contaminated Water in Oil Spill Sites 1139Boris I. Kharisov, H.V. Rasika Dias, Oxana V. Kharissova, and Yolanda Peña Méndez45.1 Introduction 113945.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Composites 114145.3 Nanosized Natural and Synthetic Polymers 115145.4 Nanomaterials-Based Membranes 115345.5 Aerogels 115345.6 Toxicity, Cost, and Selection of Nanomaterials for Water Cleanup from Oil 115445.7 Conclusions and Further Outlook 1155References 115646 Nanomaterials and Direct Air Capture of CO2 1161Dirk Fransaer46.1 Introduction 116146.2 CO2 as a Resource 116346.3 Circular CO2 Economy 116546.4 CO2 Capture or Separation Technologies 116546.5 New Roads into CO2 Capture: Direct Air Capture and Nanomaterials 116846.6 Nanomaterials 116946.7 Carbon Nanotubes 117146.8 Conclusion 1174References 1174Index 1179