Tourya Guaaybess is a lecturer in Information and Communication Sciences at the CREM Lab at the University of Lorraine, France.

• Foreword ixIntroduction xiList of Acronyms xixChapter 1 International Communication and Arab Countries: Studies on Media Development and Media Geopolitics 11.1 Communication for development in France: an imported subdiscipline? 21.2 Development and geopolitics: two distinct matters? 31.3 In the beginning: (Arab) media and development 51.4 Academic publications on Arab media: from scarcity to profusion 51.5 Arab media: from official speeches to the domination of the Anglo-American pragmatic school 101.6 The 2000s: renewal of research or “Al Jazeerazation” of the academic literature?  121.7 The uninhibited liberalization of the media 151.8 An interest in Arab public opinion, a rarity of work on audiences 161.9 Has the media and development relationship been abandoned to think-tanks in the Internet age? 171.10 The renewal of a field of study or journalism for the development of investigative journalism 19Chapter 2 The Obsolescence of Classical Theories of International Communication 232.1 Modernization by the media or “westoxification”? 242.2 Development is not an exportable product 262.3 The dependency theory 282.4 Impetus for a NWICO 302.5 The “too sage” report of the Sages 32Chapter 3 The Information Society or the Liberal Remodeling of Development Theories 373.1 A global trend: the paradigm of a more “inclusive” information society 393.2 Progress: an accounting measure? 413.3 Arab countries in the “information society” 463.4 Young graduates – and connected in a precarious economic context 503.5 The use of digital media and social networks 553.6 The advertising market, between certain delay and rapid growth 58Chapter 4 In the Field: Liberalization Under the Control of Governments and Businessmen 634.1 Businessmen and the media in Egypt: a typology 644.2 Reforms and routines 684.3 The confluence of the media 70Chapter 5 The “Arab Street” in the Press: a Specific Frame of the South 735.1 From public opinion to the “Arab street” 745.2 The “Arab street” in the French press: presentation of general trends 765.3 Original matrices and perspectives for the appreciation of the “Arab street” 825.4. The use of “Arab street” in the press: from the beginning to today 835.5 The media “spawning” of September 11, 2001 865.6 2011: revolutions and the Arab street 945.7 Conclusion: the Arab street, Arab “revolutions” and “embedded” social movements 96Chapter 6 Geopolitics of the Arabic-speaking Media and Politics of Influence 996.1 Media geopolitics in the Middle East and North Africa: radio propaganda warfare 1006.2 From the Gulf War to 9/11 as triggers for new media geopolitics 1026.3 Paradigm shifts in cooperative action in the field of media and journalism 1076.4 Public policies under pressure 108Chapter 7 Cooperation and Training of Journalists in the Digital Media Era 1137.1 “All equal in the face of innovation?” 1147.2 Training of journalists in Arab countries 117Chapter 8 Development Policy and Journalism: Between Standards Competition and Cooperation 1218.1 Different visions and cooperation agencies 1238.2 Cooperation policies “from the bottom up” 1318.3 Media development assistance: the convergence of practices and standards 1338.4 Concerted actions and expertise: the case of Canal France International 1348.5 Conclusion 138Conclusion 139References 149Index 171