Managing Inequality

Karen R. Miller is Professor of History at LaGuardia Community College and the CUNY Graduate Center. She is the author of Managing Inequality: Northern Racial Liberalism in Interwar Detroit (NYU Press, 2014) and has published a book chapter in Groundwork: Local Black Freedom Struggles in America (NYU Press, 2005). Her work has appeared in in the American Quarterly, The Journal of American History, The Middle West Review, The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, The Michigan Quarterly Review, Michigan Feminist Studies, and Against the Current.

• Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1 African American Migration and the Emerging Discourse of Northern Racial Liberalism 24 2 Protecting Urban Peace: Northern Racial Liberalism and the Limits of Racial Equality 64 3 Between Ossian Sweet and the Great Depression: Tolerance and Northern Racial Liberal Discourse in the Late 1920s 97 4 "Living Happily at the Taxpayers' Expense": City Managers, African American "Freeloaders," and White Taxpayers 129 5 "Let Us Act Funny": Snow Flake Grigsby and Civil Rights Liberalism in the 1930s 163 6 Northern Racial Liberalism and Detroit's Labor Movement 205 7 "Better Housing Makes Better Citizens": Slum Clearance and Low-Cost Housing 237 Conclusion 262 Notes 273 Bibliography 305 Index 317 About the Author 331

"Managing Inequality is urgent historical reading. In our contemporary political culture, public officials regularly insist they are colorblind amidst evidence of persistent racial inequality. Karen Miller powerfully demonstrates that this 'colorblind' discourse emerged in the early 20th century among liberal politicians who wanted to maintain segregationist practices and structures but avoid charges of racism. Miller details the role Northern racial liberalism played in the creation of the modern unequal metropolis. In the process, this book provides a much-needed lens on the situation Detroit and other cities face today." - Jeanne Theoharis,Brooklyn College "This is a very smart book. Millers impressive work lives in the space between the (often paternalistic) assumptions animating northern racial liberalism and the more expansive vision of a racially egalitarian city that inspired African American activists in the early decades of the 20th century. Returning to the history of Detroit in the critical interwar years,Managing Inequality brings novel insights into how state sponsored programs and initiatives especially around housing and employment mobilized a rhetorical liberalism that in reality masked real subordination. Indeed, anyone who has ever pondered the creation of official interracial commissions in northern centers like Detroit will find shrewd answers in these pages. Millers analysis is supple and nuanced, highly attentive to the historical record. She keeps a number of balls in the air simultaneously and the result is a book that resists easy answers about the use of race neutral ideologies, both past and present." - Angela D. Dillard,University of Michigan "With crisp prose and an expert use of historical evidence, Karen R. Miller makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of the intersections between early twentieth-century urban history and U.S. racial discourses." (Journal of American History) "Examines the transformation, uses, and growing political importance of northern racial liberalism, the notion that all Americans should be politically equal but that the state should not enforce racial equality by interfering with existing social or economic relations." (Journal of Economic Literature) "In her captivating study of interwar Detroit, Karen Miller sets out to uncover the origins of color-blind racism. Color-blind racism, she argues, is key to understanding modern American politics but is itself not properly understood. In particular, its historical originshave often been misconstrued by historians of the postwar period." (Labor) "With her tightly woven narrative about interwar Detroit, Miller offers an important contribution to the literature on the struggle for civil rights in the North." (Against the Current) "In her work,Managing Inequality, Karen R. Miller unearths the roots of modern colorblind discourse." (American Historical Review)