Making Physicians

Evan R. Ragland, Ph.D. (2012), Indiana University Bloomington, is an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame. He has published articles and edited volumes on the histories of early modern European science, medicine, natural philosophy, chymistry, and experimentation.

• AcknowledgementsList of IllustrationsIntroduction: Bodies of Knowledge in the Late Renaissance1Following Galen to Find the Seats and Causes of Disease2Disease Displayed in Private, Public, and Clinical Anatomies3Reconstructing Intellectual Microcosms4Pedagogy and Practices5Making Medicines from Books, Gardens, and Chymistry6Experience, Empiricism, and Experiment7Plan of Chapters1 Contexts for the Medical Curriculum1Medicine for a Young Republic in the 1575 Founding2University, City, State3The Harvest of Trials from Earlier Sixteenth-Century Academic Medicine4Experience and Experiment in Early Leiden Mixed Mathematics and Engineering5The Humanist, Practical Education of Medical Professors6Early Medical Curricula7Conclusions2 Ideals of Learning and Reading1Ideals of Curing Bodies by Reason and Experience2The Virtues of Disputation for Learning and Exams3Study Guides for Sharpening the Ingenium (Wit) of the Brain4Student Life and the Vices of Embodied Learners5Conclusions3 Lecturing about Philosophical Bodies1Core Philosophy and Theory2Basic Principles vs. Hope for Certainty3Galen on Faculties, Matter, and Souls4Galen among Ancient Sources on “Powers” or Faculties5Early Modern Medical Discussions of Faculties6Conclusions4 Learning to Make Medicines: Reading, Viewing, Tasting, and Testing1Fire and Transmutation2Chymical Teaching in the Lecture Hall3Cultivating Knowledge and Medicinal Simples in the Garden4Naturalists Knowing Plants by Experience and Experiment5God’s Medicines and Models of Making Trials6Galen’s Models for Knowing Drugs and Making Trials7Medieval and Early Modern Debates over Sensing and Knowing Medicinal Faculties8Making and Knowing Medicines with Johannes Heurnius’ New Method9Conclusions5 Knowing and Treating the Diseased Body1The Malfunctioning Seats of Diseases2Seats of Diseases after Galen3Knowing Material and Other Causes of Diseases4Teaching Students to Treat the Faulty Part5Localizing Diseases in Students’ Disputations6Conclusions6 Disease Displayed in Public and Private Anatomies1Anatomy Serving the Practice of Physicians and Surgeons2Piety and Decorum3Disease Displayed in Public and Private Anatomies4Generation and Murder5Cutting to the Causes of Disease and Death6Conclusions7 Innovation and Clinical Anatomies1The Pulse Controversy and Anatomical Innovation2Early Clinical Training and Anatomies3Founding Regular Bedside Learning at the Hospital4Causes, Histories, and Therapy Displayed in Diseased Bodies5Diseases and Remedies from Across the Dutch Empire6Tracking Diseases by Clinical Signs and Post-Mortem Evidence7Making New Knowledge of Phthisis (Consumption)8Later Leiden Pedagogy and a New Theory of Phthisis9ConclusionsConclusion: A Microcosm of Medical Learning and PracticesBibliographyIndex