Like Salt for Bread. The Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Francine Friedman, Ph.D. (1977), Claremont Graduate School, is Professor of Political Science at Ball State University. She has published two monographs, The Bosnian Muslims: Denial of a Nation (Westview Press, 1996) and Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Polity on the Brink (Routledge: 2004), and numerous articles and book chapters about ethnic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures, Maps and TablesTerms, Definitions, Abbreviations and AcronymsIntroduction: Like Salt for Bread1 Bosnia and Herzegovina2 Identity, Ethnicity, and Religion in the Lands of the Former Yugoslavia3 The Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina1 The Sephardic Strand1 Introduction2 Early Jewish Settlement in Iberia3 The Jews in Medieval Spain3.1 The Visigothic Era3.2 The Moorish Period3.3 The Reconquista Period3.3.1 Decline of the Jewish Position in Christian Spain3.3.2 Conversos, the Crown, and the Inquisition3.3.2.1 The Conversos3.3.2.2 The Inquisition4 Expulsion of the Jews from Iberia and the Journey to the Balkans5 The Jewish Experience in Iberia2 The Jews in the Ottoman Empire1 Introduction2 Iberian Jews Enter the Ottoman Empire3 Sephardic Settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina3.1 Sarajevo3.1.1 Jewish Settlement Patterns in Sarajevo3.2 Smaller Bosnian Jewish Communities3.2.1 Mostar3.2.2 Banja Luka3.2.3 Bihać3.2.4 Travnik3.2.5 Derventa3.2.6 Bijeljina3.2.7 Brčko3.2.8 Žepče3.2.9 Zvornik4 The Ottoman Administration and the Jews5 The Jews and the Ottoman Communal Organization5.1 Dhimmıhood5.2 Taxation of the Dhimmı6 The Sarajevo Megillah7 Ottoman Reforms and the Jews8 The Jews in the Ottoman Economy9 Bosnian Jewish Marital Customs10 Bosnian Jewish Communal Organization10.1 Religious, Social, and Cultural Administration11 The Effect of Messianism on the Ottoman Jews: Shabtai Zvi12 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire12.1 The Effect of the Ottoman Decline on the Bosnian Jews12.2 The Rise of Nationalism13 Sephardic Culture in the Ottoman Empire13.1 Judeo-espanjol14 Spain and the Sephardim15 The Jewish Experience in the Ottoman Empire3 The Ashkenazic Strand1 Introduction2 Origins and Development of the Ashkenazim3 Jewish Relations with Austro-Hungarian Society4 Jewish Communal Administration5 Austro-Hungarian Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina6 Bosnian Jewish Political Activity7 Bosnian Jewish Demographic Profile8 Bosnian Jewish Socioeconomic Life9 Bosnian Jewish Communal Life10 Bosnian Jewish Religious Life11 Bosnian Jewish Cultural Life: Print, Media, the Arts12 The Bosnian Jews under Austria-Hungary4 The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/the First Yugoslavia1 Introduction2 The Balkan Wars3 South Slavic Jews in World War i4 The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes5 Bosnian Jewish Interwar Demographic Profile5.1 Bosnian Jews in the Provinces6 Relations between Bosnian Sephardim and Ashkenazim7 Yugoslav and Bosnian Jewish Interwar Occupational Profile8 Economic Situation of the Bosnian Jews9 Bosnian Jewish Political Activity10 Bosnian Jewish Communal Organization10.1 Zionism10.2 Integrationalism10.3 Diaspora Nationalism10.4 The Local Community10.5 Communal Leadership10.6 Communal Religious Organizations10.7 Communal Religious Leadership10.8 Schools and Language11 Bosnian Jewish Cultural Activity11.1 Jewish Newspapers11.2 Jewish Artists11.3 Jewish Authors, Essayists, Poets12 Bosnian Jewish Social and Charitable/Humanitarian Organizations12.1 La Benevolencija12.2 Other Bosnian Jewish Communal/Humanitarian Organizations12.3 Youth and Workers’ Societies13 Bosnian Jews in the Spanish Civil War14 Antisemitism in Interwar Yugoslavia14.1 Bosnian Jewish Response to the Rise of Yugoslav Fascism15 Bosnian Jews in Interwar Yugoslavia5 World War ii1 Introduction: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Rise of the Independent State of Croatia2 Bosnian Jewish Demographic Profile in the Independent State of Croatia3 “The Hunt for the Jews”3.1 Bosnian Response to the Establishment of the Independent State of Croatia3.2 Anti-Jewish Legislation3.3 Honorary Aryans4 The Rationale for Impoverishment of the Jewish Population4.1 Theft of Jewish Personal Property4.2 Appointment of Povjerenici for the Plunder of Jewish Businesses4.3 Ustaše Control over Jewish Communal Organizations4.3.1 Plunder of Bosnian Jewish Communal Property5 The Sarajevo Haggadah During World War ii6 Early Violence against the Jews7 Bosnian Jews in the First Months of Occupation8 The Catholic Church in the Independent State of Croatia9 The Islamic Religious Community in the Independent State of Croatia10 The Shoah in Bosnia and Herzegovina10.1 Ustaše Establishment of Concentration Camps10.1.1 Deportations of Bosnian Jews10.1.2 Bosnian Jews in Concentration Camps10.1.3 Number of World War ii Bosnian Jewish Victims11 The Italian Zone11.1 Jews in Italy’s Zone ii11.1.1 Rab Concentration Camp12 Jewish Participation in the Resistance12.1 Bosnian Jews in the Partisans12.2 Bosnian Jewish Prisoners of War12.3 The Četniks and the Jews13 The Handžar Division14 Holocaust Survivors15 Bosnian Righteous among the Nations16 The Bosnian Jews in World War ii6 The Communist Era1 Introduction2 Popular Identification and Its Impact on Bosnia and Herzegovina2.1 Narod2.2 Narodnost2.3 Etničke Manjine2.4 Evolution of the Concept of Narod3 Bosnian Jewish Relations with the Socialist State and Society3.1 Postwar Reconstruction of the Yugoslav Jewish Community3.2 Jewish Industrial Property3.3 Demographic Profile of the Bosnian Jewish Community3.3.1 The Effect of Aliyah on Bosnian Jewish Demography3.3.2 Occupational Profile of Yugoslav Jews4 Post-World War ii Bosnian Jewish Communal Life4.1 Jewish Communal Organization4.2 Bosnian Jewish Communal Property under Socialism4.2.1 Synagogues4.2.2 Cemeteries5 Bosnian Jewish Cultural Life6 Yugoslav-Israeli Relations and Their Effect on Yugoslavia’s Jews7 Antisemitism in Communist Yugoslavia8 Visible Shoah Commemorations9 Yugoslavia’s Interethnic Relations9.1 The Collapse of “Brotherhood and Unity”9.2 The Empowerment of Nationalist Leaders10 The Yugoslav Crisis and Its Effects on Bosnia and Herzegovina10.1 The Bosnian Leadership Crisis10.2 Ethnic Politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina11 The Bosnian Jewish Community at the End of Communist Yugoslavia7 War in the 1990s1 Introduction: European Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century2 Ancient Ethnic Hatreds?3 The Wars of Yugoslav Succession3.1 Opening Shots of the Bosnian War3.2 The Bosnian War3.2.1 Sarajevo Besieged3.2.2 The International Response to the Bosnian War4 The Role of the Bosnian Jewish Community in the Bosnian War4.1 The Rediscovery of Jewish Identity4.2 The Reestablishment of La Benevolencija4.3 The Bosnian Jewish Community in the Bosnian War4.4 The Organization of the Jewish Community in Besieged Sarajevo4.4.1 The Split Logistical Center4.4.2 La Benevolencija-sponsored Programs4.4.2.1 Magacin (Warehouse)4.4.2.2 Women’s Section: Bohoreta4.4.2.3 Health Service4.4.2.4 Pharmacy4.4.2.5 Clinic4.4.2.6 House Visit Program4.4.2.7 People’s Kitchen4.4.2.8 Radio Station and Postal Service4.4.2.9 Department for Cultural and Religious Questions4.4.2.10 Computer Center4.4.2.11 Evacuations5 The Sarajevo Haggadah During the Bosnian War6 Bosnian Jews in the Bosnian War8 The Postwar Bosnian Jewish Community1 Introduction2 The Dayton Peace Accords and Their Implications3 Characterization of the Bosnian War4 Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union5 Profile of the Postwar Bosnian Jewish Community5.1 Synagogues and Cemeteries5.2 Sociocultural Condition of the Bosnian Jewish Community6 Bosnian Jewish Involvement in Postwar BiH7 The Sarajevo Haggadah8 The Bosnian View of the Shoah9 Antisemitism in Bosnia and Herzegovina10 Expropriation, Nationalization, Restitution in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina10.1 Status of Bosnian Jewish Personal and Communal Property11 The Claims Conference12 Sejdić-Finci13 Bosnian Relations with Israel14 Future ProspectsBibliographyIndex 872