Law of the Sea in the Caribbean

The Hon Justice Mr Winston Anderson, is a Judge of the Caribbean Court of Justice (‘CCJ’) and Chairman of the CCJ Academy for Law. A former Professor of International Law, the Judge holds a Ph.D. (1988) from Cambridge University and is author of leading texts including Principles of Caribbean Environmental Law (ELI, 2012) and Caribbean Private International Law (Sweet & Maxwell, 2014).

• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of Figures and Tables1 Caribbean Antecedents to unclos1 Introduction2 The Caribbean3 Imperialism in the Caribbean: Mare clausum and Mare Liberum4 The Evolution of the Territorial Sea5 The Hague Codification Conference 19306 Unilateral Caribbean Actions7 The United Nations and Caribbean Conferences on the Law of the Sea7.1 The First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (unclos i)7.2 The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (unclos ii)7.3 Caribbean Conferences on the Law of the Sea7.3.1 Montevideo Conference7.3.2 Lima Conference7.3.3 Santo Domingo Conference7.3.4 The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (unclos iii)8 Conclusion2 unclos in the Caribbean and Regional Cooperation1 Introduction2 Caribbean Acceptance of unclos3 Caribbean Non-Acceptance of unclos3.1 The 1958 Geneva Conventions3.2 Normative Character of unclos4 The Regime of Islands5 Co-Operation in the Caribbean Sea5.1 Caribbean Sea as Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed5.2 Co-Ordination on Living Resources of the Sea5.3 Co-Ordination on Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment5.4 Co-Ordination of Scientific Research5.5 Collaboration with Interested States and International Organizations6 Conclusion3 Maritime Jurisdiction1 Introduction to Maritime Jurisdiction2 unclos Maritime Jurisdiction2.1 Internal Waters2.2 Archipelagos2.3 Territorial Sea2.4 Contiguous Zone2.5 Exclusive Economic Zone2.6 Continental Shelf2.7 Straits2.8 High Seas3 The Economic Context4 Conclusion4 Fisheries1 Introduction2 Caribbean Fisheries3 The Regulatory Framework3.1 Development of International Regulation3.2 Bilateral Agreements3.3 1958 Geneva Convention on Fishing and Conservation3.4 unclos3.4.1 Management by Jurisdictional Zones3.4.2 Management by Species4 Substantive Domestic Legislative Implementation5 Caribbean Regulation5.1 1991 oecs Common Fisheries Surveillance Zone5.2 The Caribbean Community Common Fisheries Policy5.3 Ecosystems Based Management6 Conclusion5 Offshore Oil and Gas1 Introduction2 Legal Framework3 Unity of Deposits3.1 Agreements Having No Provision for Co-Operation3.2 Agreements Containing General Statement of the Obligation to Collaborate3.3 Agreements Specifying Classical Duty to Cooperate in Exploiting Unitary Deposits3.4 Comprehensive Regime Including Provisions on Apportionment4 Responsibility for Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Standards5 Contractual Arrangements between the Host Country and Foreign Oil Company5.1 Concessions5.2 Licensing5.3 Production Sharing Contracts5.4 Service Agreements6 Disputes Arising from Contractual Relationship7 Offshore Oil and Gas Contracts and International Law7.1 Stabilization Clauses7.2 Multiplicity of Alternative Venues7.3 International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes7.4 Public International Law as a System of Law in Private International Law8 Conclusion6 Marine Scientific Research1 Introduction1.1 The General Provisions Governing the Conduct of Marine Scientific Research1.2 International Co-Operation1.3 Promotion and Conduct of Marine Scientific Research2 Development and Transfer of Marine Technology3 Practical Guidance4 Caribbean Legislative Implementation5 Caribbean Marine Research Institutional Arrangements6 Conclusion7 Peace and Security1 Introduction2 The Right of Hot Pursuit2.1 Conventional Codification2.2 Legislative Incorporation2.3 Judicial Application3 Piracy3.1 unclos and the Rome Convention3.2 Piracy in Caribbean Legislation3.3 Judicial Decisions on Piracy4 Security5 Regional Security5.1 The Regional Security System (rss)5.2 caricom impacs5.3 consle6 Ship Rider Agreements7 Conclusion8 Navigation1 Introduction2 Nationality of Ships3 Flags of Convenience4 Rights of Navigation4.1 Right of Innocent Passage4.2 Right of Archipelagic Sea Lane Passage4.3 Right of Transit Passage4.4 Right to Freedom of Navigation5 Flag State Obligations6 imo Conventions on Safety of Shipping7 Caribbean Shipping Industry7.1 The Caribbean Maritime University8 Conclusion9 Pollution1 Introduction2 General Obligations2.1 Jurisdictional Competence2.1.1 Theoretical Implementation Problems2.1.2 Practical Implementation Problems2.1.3 Special Enforcement Powers: Flag State, Coastal State, Port State3 Pollution Emergencies3.1 Power of Intervention3.2 Duty to Warn of, and Assist in, Pollution Emergencies4 Compensation for Pollution Damage4.1 Concerns over Stability and Viability of Compensation Regime4.1.1 Jurisdiction4.1.2 Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments4.1.3 Applicable Law4.2 Rules on Treaty Interpretation5 Conclusions10 The Area beyond National Jurisdiction1 Introduction2 1994 Agreement Relating to Part xi3 The International Seabed Authority3.1 The Assembly3.2 The Council3.3 The Secretariat3.4 The Legal and Technical Commission3.5 The Finance Committee3.6 The Enterprise4 Decision-Making in the International Seabed Authority5 General Principles of the Deep Seabed Mining Regime5.1 All Rights in Area and Resources Are Vested in Mankind5.2 Conduct of States in the Area Must Promote Peace and International Co-Operation5.3 Reasonable Regard for Other Activities5.4 Responsibility to Ensure Compliance and Liability for Damage5.5 Transfer of Technology5.6 Participation of Developing Countries6 The System of Exploration and Exploitation7 National Legislation on the Deep Seabed8 Conclusions11 Delimitation1 Introduction2 International Law Principles and Rules2.1 Baselines2.2 Outer Lines3 Agreement between the Parties4 Tacit Agreement between the Parties5 Settlement by Adjudication Based on Article 38 Sources of International Law5.1 The Equidistance/Relevant Circumstances/Proportionality Method5.1.1 Equidistance5.1.2 Relevant Circumstances5.1.3 Proportionality5.2 Single Maritime Boundary5.3 Delimitation of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 nm6 Conclusion12 Dispute Settlement1 Introduction2 Settlement under Bilateral, Regional, or Global Agreements2.1 Bilateral Agreements Procedures2.2 Regional Procedures2.2.1 Inter-American Human Rights System2.2.2 Caribbean Environment Programme2.2.3 The Caribbean Community and the Caribbean Court of Justice2.3 International Court of Justice3 Settlement Pursuant to Procedures under the Charter of the United Nations4 Settlement under unclos Compulsory Procedures5 Declarations of Acceptance of Global Procedures under unclos Part xv6 Litigation Pursuant to the Procedures under unclos Part xv6.1 International Court of Justice6.2 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea6.3 Annex vii Tribunal6.4 Annex viii Tribunal7 ConclusionIndex