History of Military Morals

Brian Smith, Ph.D. (2016), Boston University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Nazarbayev University. He has published many articles on intellectual history and a monograph, John Locke, Territory, and Transmigration (Routledge, 2021).

• List of FiguresIntroduction1 Introduction2 Theory of Moral Development3 Methodology4 Overview of ChaptersPART 1: Killing the Innocent: Three Discursive Traditions from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries1 The Origins of Double Effect: The Scholastic Tradition1 Recovering the Primitive Christian Tradition2 Before Double Effect3 The Rise of Double Effect4 Killing the Innocent5 Killing the Innocent after Aquinas6 Repurposing Double Effect in the Sixteenth Century7 Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Scholastics on Siege Warfare8 English and Scottish Protestants9 Conclusion2 Martialists: Soldiers and Tacticians1 Introduction2 Early Martialists3 Seventeenth-Century Martialists4 Shifts in the Martialist Tradition5 Conclusion3 Humanists and Republicans1 Introduction2 Machiavelli3 Erasmus4 Gentili5 Grotius6 Pufendorf7 Jeremy Taylor8 George Dawson9 Christian Wolff10 Vattel11 ConclusionPART 2: The Nineteenth Century4 Killing Noncombatants in the Nineteenth Century1 Introduction2 Counting Casualties3 Noncombatants4 Sovereignty and Self-Preservation5 Utilitarianism6 The Link between Philosophical Utilitarianism and Military Necessity7 Conclusion5 Deliberately Targeting Noncombatants1 Introduction2 Enduring the Hardships of War: Laying Waste3 Laying Waste and the Laws of War4 Starvation and Blockades5 Sieges6 Siege and the Laws of War7 Reprisal, Retaliation, Retorsion8 Change in Norms9 The Spatial Dimension of Noncombatant Death10 Noncombatant Death in the Early Twentieth Century11 Military Manuals12 ConclusionPART 3: The Twentieth Century: Aerial Bombing and a Shift in Norms6 New Possibilities and Problems: Aeronauts, Inventors, and Future-War Fiction on Aerial Bombing1 Early Experiments2 Deterrence, Annihilation, or Nonfactor?3 Future-War Fiction4 Conclusion7 Interwar Approaches to Bombing: Two Discursive Traditions1 Introduction2 Interwar Period Debates on Aerial Bombing3 International Liberals: Regulation and Disarmament4 Bombing Realists5 Strategic versus Terror Bombing6 Conclusion8 The Return to Intention: Post World War I1 Introduction2 German Guilt3 The Laws of Humanity and Intentional Harm4 The Return of the Scholastics5 The Rediscovery of Vitoria and Suarez6 Catholics against Bombing7 Conclusion9 Postscript: Intention in the Twenty-First Century1 Introduction2 Intention and Folk Psychology3 Are Intentions Relevant for Twenty-First Century War?Bibliography of Primary Sources 445Prior to the Sixteenth CenturyThe Sixteenth CenturyThe Seventeenth CenturyThe Eighteenth CenturyThe Nineteenth CenturyIndex