Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants

Mohammad Anwar Hossain is a Professor in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. AKM Zakir Hossain is a Professor in the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Sylvain Bourgerie is an Associate Professor working in the Laboratory of Woody Plants and Crops Biology, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France. Masayuki Fujita is a Professor in the Department of Plant Science, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan. Om Parkash Dhankher is Professor of Agriculture Biotechnology in the Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA. Parvez Haris is a Professor and Chair of Biomedical Science at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.

• List of Contributors xixPreface xxixEditor Biographies xxxi1 Plant Response and Tolerance to Heavy Metal Toxicity: An Overview of Chemical Biology, Omics Studies, and Genetic Engineering 1Lovely Mahawar, Sakshi Pandey, Aparna Pandey, and Sheo Mohan Prasad1.1 Introduction 11.2 Plant–Metal Interaction 21.3 Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants 31.3.1 Morphoanatomical Responses 31.3.2 Physiological Responses 81.3.3 Biochemical Responses 81.3.4 Molecular Responses 91.4 Mechanisms to Tolerate Heavy Metal Toxicity 101.4.1 Avoidance 101.4.1.1 Mycorrhizal Association 101.4.1.2 Root Exudates 121.4.2 Sequestration 121.5 Important Strategies for the Enhancement of Metal Tolerance 151.5.1 Omics 151.5.1.1 Genomics 151.5.1.2 Transcriptomics 151.5.1.3 Proteomics 171.5.1.4 Metabolomics 171.5.1.5 Ionomics 181.5.1.6 miRNAomics 191.5.1.7 Metallomics 191.5.2 Genetic Engineering 201.5.2.1 CRISPR Technology 201.5.2.2 Plastid Transformation 211.5.2.3 Gene Silencing 221.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 22References 232 Advanced Techniques in Omics Research in Relation to Heavy Metal/Metalloid Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 35Ali Raza, Shanza Bashir , Hajar Salehi , Monica Jamla, Sidra Charagh, Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad, and Mohammad Anwar Hossain2.1 Introduction 352.2 An Overview of Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Toxicity 362.3 How the Integration of Multi-omics Data Sets Helps in Studying the Heavy Metal Stress Responses and Tolerance Mechanisms? 392.3.1 The Contribution of State-of-the-Art Genomics-Assisted Breeding 392.3.1.1 Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Mapping 392.3.1.2 Genome-Wide Association Studies 412.3.2 Transcriptomics 422.3.3 Proteomics 442.3.4 Metabolomics 462.3.5 miRNAomics 472.3.6 Phenomics 492.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 50References 503 Heavy Metals/Metalloids in Food Crops and Their Implications for Human Health 59Shihab Uddin, Hasina Afroz, Mahmud Hossain, Jessica Briffa, Renald Blundell, and Md. Rafiqul Islam3.1 Introduction 593.2 Arsenic 603.2.1 Sources and Forms 603.2.2 Food Chain Contamination 623.2.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 623.2.4 Toxicology Processes 623.2.5 Remedial Options 633.3 Cadmium 633.3.1 Sources and Forms 643.3.2 Food Chain Contamination 643.3.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 663.3.4 Toxicology Processes 663.3.5 Remedial Options 673.4 Lead 673.4.1 Sources and Forms 683.4.2 Food Chain Contamination 683.4.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 683.4.4 Toxicology Processes 703.4.5 Remedial Options 713.5 Chromium 723.5.1 Sources and Forms 723.5.2 Food Chain Contamination 743.5.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 743.5.4 Toxicology Processes 743.5.5 Remedial Options 753.6 Mercury 763.6.1 Sources and Forms 763.6.2 Food Chain Contamination 773.6.3 Pharmacokinetic Processes 793.6.4 Toxicology Processes 793.6.5 Remedial Options 803.7 Conclusions 81References 814 Aluminum Stress Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Approaches 87Richa Srivastava, Ayan Sadhukhan, and Hiroyuki Koyama4.1 Introduction 874.2 Exploration of Al Tolerance QTLs 894.3 Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Al Tolerance from Natural Variation 914.4 Identification of Novel Al Tolerance Genes Through Genome-Wide Association Studies 914.5 Exploring Expression Level Polymorphisms to Identify Upstream Al Signaling 924.6 Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Identify Novel Al Tolerance Genes 934.7 Identification of Al Tolerance Genes from Proteomics 954.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 99References 995 Breeding Approaches for Aluminum Toxicity Tolerance in Rice and Wheat 105Buu Chi Bui and Lang Thi Nguyen5.1 Introduction 1055.2 Plant Signaling 1075.3 Rice Genetic Mapping 1075.3.1 Linkage Mapping 1075.3.2 Association Mapping 1085.4 Root Transcriptome 1095.5 Wheat Genetic Mapping 1145.5.1 Wheat MATE Gene Family 1165.6 Wheat Proteomics 1175.7 Conclusion 118References 1186 Chromium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 125Sonali Dubey, Manju Shri, and Debasis Chakrabarty6.1 Introduction 1256.2 Chromium Sources and Bioavailability 1266.3 Chromium Uptake, Translocation, and Sub-cellular Distribution in plants 1276.4 Detoxification Mechanisms for Cr 1296.5 Omics Approaches Used by Plants to Combat Cr Toxicity 1306.5.1 Transcriptomics 1306.5.2 Chromium-Induced miRNAs in Plants 1326.5.3 Metabolomics 1336.5.4 Proteomics 1336.6 Phytoremediation of Cr Metal by Plants 1346.6.1 Phytoremediation Approach for Cr Detoxification 1346.6.2 Other Strategies Involved in Cr Remediation 1356.6.3 Phytostabilization/Phytoextraction for Cr Decontamination 1366.7 Conclusion 136References 1367 Manganese Toxicity and Tolerance in Photosynthetic Organisms and Breeding Strategy for Improving Manganese Tolerance in Crop Plants: Physiological and Omics Approach Perspectives 141Daisuke Takagi7.1 Introduction 1417.2 The Change in Mn Availability Within the Soil 1437.3 Why Should We Consider the Occurrence of Mn Toxicity in Plants? Possible Threats of Mn Toxicity in Agricultural Land 1447.4 The History of Mn Toxicity 1467.5 The Features of Mn Toxicity in Terrestrial Plants and Possible Molecular Mechanisms 1477.5.1 The Mechanisms of Emergence of Brownish Patchy Spots in Leaves: The Apoplastic Mn Toxicity 1477.5.2 The Mechanisms of Foliar Chlorosis Under Excess Mn: Symplastic Mn Toxicity 1507.6 Breeding Strategy for Overcoming the Future Threat of Excess Mn Conditions 1547.6.1 Limiting Mn Absorption from Soil to Root 1557.6.2 Sequestration of Mn from Cytosol to the Vacuole or Apoplast 1567.6.3 Maintenance of Auxin Homeostasis 1577.6.4 The Reinforcement of Silicon Uptake and Its Distribution 1577.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 158Acknowledgments 158References 1588 Iron Excess Toxicity and Tolerance in Crop Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 169May Sann Aung and Hiroshi Masuda8.1 Iron Uptake and Translocation Mechanism in Plants 1698.1.1 Importance of Iron in Living Organisms 1698.1.2 Fe Acquisition Systems in Plants 1708.1.3 Fe Translocation Mechanisms in Plants 1718.2 Fe Excess Toxicity in Plants 1718.2.1 Fe Excess Toxicity in Global Agriculture 1718.2.2 Causes of Fe Excess Toxicity in Soils and Its Interaction with Plants 1728.2.2.1 State of Fe in Soils and Soil pH Effects on Fe Excess Toxicity 1728.2.2.2 Soil Improvement Methods to Ameliorate Fe Excess Toxicity 1738.2.2.3 Soil Water and Drainage Effects on Fe Excess Toxicity 1738.2.3 Effects of Fe Excess Toxicity on Plant Growth 1748.3 Crop Defense Mechanisms Against Excess Fe and Genes Regulating Fe Excess 1758.3.1 Defense I: Fe Exclusion from Roots 1758.3.1.1 Genes Involved in Defense I 1768.3.2 Defense II: Fe Retention in Roots and Suppression of Fe Translocation to Shoots 1778.3.3 Defense III: Fe Compartmentalization in Shoots 1778.3.3.1 Genes Involved in Defense II and IIi 1788.3.3.2 Role of YSL4 and YSL6 Transporters in Preventing Fe Excess in Early Plant Development 1798.3.4 Defense IV: ROS Detoxification 1798.3.4.1 Genes Involved in Defense IV 1808.3.4.2 GLY1 as a Detoxifying Agent 1808.4 Research Outlook on Fe Excess Response of Plants 1808.4.1 Regulation of Fe homeostasis in Plants in Response to Fe Excess Stress 1808.4.2 Transcription Factors 1818.4.3 Cis-Regulatory Elements 1828.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 183Acknowledgments 183Author Contributions 183Disclosures 183References 1839 Molecular Breeding for Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 191Dorothy A. Onyango, Mathew M. Dida, Khady N. Drame, Benson O. Nyongesa, and Kayode A. Sanni9.1 Introduction 1919.2 Role of Iron in Plants and Rice 1929.3 Iron Toxicity and Its Effects on Rice 1929.4 Iron Toxicity Tolerance Mechanisms in Rice Plants 1939.4.1 Fe Exclusion from Roots 1939.4.2 Fe Retention in Roots and Suppression of Fe Translocation to Shoots 1949.4.3 Fe Compartmentalization in Shoots 1949.4.4 ROS Detoxification 1959.4.5 Candidate Genes Involved in the Mechanisms of Fe Toxicity 1969.4.6 Genetic Variants for Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice Germplasm 1979.5 Molecular Breeding for Fe Toxicity Tolerance in Rice 1979.6 Conclusion 200References 20210 Cobalt Induced Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Approaches 207Abdul Salam, Muhammad Siddique Afridi, Ali Raza Khan, Wardah Azhar, Yang Shuaiqi, Zaid Ulhassan, Jiaxuan Qi, Nu Xuo, Yang Chunyan, Nana Chen, and Yinbo Gan10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Plant Response to Cobalt Stress 20810.2.1 Uptake and Translocation of Cobalt in Plants 20910.3 Cobalt-Induced ROS Generation and Their Damaging Effects 21110.3.1 ROS-Induced Lipid Peroxidation 21110.3.2 ROS-Induced Damage to Genetic Material 21210.4 Cobalt-Induced Plant Antioxidant Defense System 21310.4.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants 21310.4.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) 21310.4.1.2 Catalases (CAT) 21310.4.1.3 Glutathione Peroxidases (GPX) 21410.4.1.4 Glutathione Reductase (GR) 21410.4.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants 21510.4.2.1 Ascorbic Acid 21510.4.2.2 Tocopherols 21510.4.2.3 Reduced Glutathione (GSH) 21610.5 Omics Approaches in Cobalt Stress Tolerance 21610.5.1 Transcriptomic 21610.5.2 Metabolomics 21810.5.3 Proteomics 21910.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 220Acknowledgments 221References 22111 Nickel Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 231Sondes Helaoui, Marouane Mkhinini, Iteb Boughattas, Noureddine Bousserrhine, and Mohamed Banni11.1 Introduction 23111.2 Sources of Ni 23211.2.1 Natural Sources of Ni 23211.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Ni 23311.3 Role of Ni in Plants 23311.4 Ni Uptake and Accumulation in Plants 23311.5 Ni Toxicity in Plants 23411.5.1 Growth Inhibition 23411.5.2 Photosynthesis Inhibition of Ni 23611.5.3 Induction of Oxidative Stress 23611.6 Tolerance Mechanisms 23711.7 Omics Approaches in Ni Stress Tolerance 23811.7.1 Transcriptomics 23811.7.2 Proteomics 23911.7.3 Metabolomics 24011.8 Conclusion 240References 24112 Copper Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 251Moreira A, Moraes LAC, Delfim JJ, and Moreti LG12.1 Introduction 25112.2 Copper in Plants 25312.2.1 Functions of Copper 25312.2.2 Uptake, Transport, Distribution, and Remobilization Mechanisms 25512.2.3 Deficient, Sufficient, and Toxic Levels of Copper in Plants 25512.2.4 Copper Sources: Fertilizers and Fungicides 25612.3 Omics Approaches for Cu Responses and Tolerance in Plants 25912.3.1 Genomics 25912.3.2 Transcriptomics 25912.3.3 Proteomics 26112.3.4 Metabolomics 26312.3.5 miRNAomics 26412.4 Concluding Remarks 266Acknowledgments 266References 26713 Zinc Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 275Imran Haider Shamsi, Qichun Zhang, Zhengxin Ma, Sibgha Noreen, Muhammad Salim Akhter, Ummar Iqbal, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Muhammad Fazal Karim, and Najeeb Ullah13.1 Introduction 27513.1.1 Zinc Uptake and Translocation Mechanisms in Plants 27513.1.2 Transporters and Metal-Binding Compounds Involved in Zinc Homeostasis 27713.2 Impact of Excess Zinc on Physio-genetics Aspects of Plants 27713.2.1 Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Seed Germination and Growth of Plants 27813.2.2 Effect of Zinc Toxicity on Oxidative Metabolism in Plants 27913.2.3 Effect of Zn Toxicity on Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants 28013.3 Plants Stress Adaptation to Zinc Toxicity 28113.4 Multi-omics Approaches for Zinc Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants 28113.4.1 Genomics and Metabolomics 28113.4.2 Proteomics and Transcriptomics 28313.4.3 miRNA Omics and CRISPR/Cas9 System 28413.4.4 Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study 28613.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 286Acknowledgments 286References 28714 Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 293Barsha Majumder, Palin Sil, and Asok K. Biswas14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Occurrence and Distribution of As in the Environment 29514.3 Arsenic Uptake, Accumulation, and Detoxification in Plants 29614.3.1 Uptake of Inorganic Arsenic 29614.3.2 Uptake of Methylated Arsenic 29714.3.3 Arsenic Accumulation and Detoxification 29714.3.4 Arsenic Methylation and Volatilization 29814.4 Influence of Arsenic on Phytotoxicity 29814.4.1 Germination and Growth 29814.4.2 Nutrient Uptake 29914.4.3 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Defense 29914.4.4 Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle 30014.4.5 Photosynthesis 30014.4.6 Respiration 30114.4.7 Carbohydrate Metabolism 30214.4.8 Nitrogen Metabolism 30214.5 Modulation in “Omics” Profiling Under As Challenged Environment 30314.5.1 Genomic Profiling 30314.5.2 Transcriptomic Profiling 30414.5.3 Proteomic Profiling 30714.5.4 Metabolomic Profiling 30814.6 Progress in Molecular Biotechnology to Evolve As-Tolerant Plants 30814.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 311Acknowledgment 311Author Contributions 312References 31215 Selenium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 323Ali Kıyak, Selman Uluısık, Ertugrul Filiz, and Firat Kurt15.1 Introduction 32315.2 Selenium Toxicity in Plants 32415.2.1 Se-Induced Protein Malformation 32415.2.2 ROS-Induced Se Phytotoxicity 32515.3 Selenium Tolerance in Plants 32615.4 Selenium Biofortification in Plants 32815.5 Conclusion 329References 33016 Breeding for Rice Cultivars with Low Cadmium Accumulation 335li Tang, Yaokui li, Yan Peng, Bigang Mao, Ye Shao, Zhongying Ji, and Bingran Zhao16.1 Introduction 33516.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Cd Accumulation in Rice 33516.2.1 Cd Uptake 33616.2.2 Radial Transport and Xylem Loading 33816.2.3 Distribution of Cd in Shoots 33816.3 Transgenic Approach for Breeding Low-Cd Rice 33916.3.1 Traditional Transgenic Technology 33916.3.2 Genome-Editing Technology 34016.4 Mutation Breeding for Low-Cd Rice Cultivars 34116.5 Molecular Marker-Assisted Breeding for Low-Cd Rice Cultivars 34216.6 Future Perspectives 343References 34417 Mercury Toxicity: Plant Response and Tolerance 349Arifin Sandhi, Abu Bakar Siddique, and Meththika Vithanage17.1 Introduction 34917.2 Global Mercury Pollution 35017.3 Mercury Uptake and Toxicity in Plants 35217.4 Existence of Differential Plant Response to Hg Stress 35317.4.1 Plant Morphological Responses 35317.4.2 Plant Anatomical Responses 35417.4.3 Cellular Responses 35417.4.4 Plant Photosynthetic Response 35517.4.5 Enzymatic and Metabolic Responses 35517.4.6 Plant Hormonal Responses 35617.4.7 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Responses 35617.5 Plant Tolerance Mechanisms 35717.5.1 Chelation 35717.5.2 Enzymatic and Antioxidative Tolerance 35817.5.3 Hormonal Regulations 35917.5.4 miRNA-Mediated Tolerance 36017.6 Phytoremediation Prospects 36017.7 Conclusion 361References 36218 Lead Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Insights from Omics Studies 373Sayyeda Hira Hassan, Yassine Chafik, Manhattan Lebrun, Gabriella Sferra, Sylvain Bourgerie, Gabriella Stefania Scippa, Domenico Morabito, and Dalila Trupiano18.1 Introduction 37318.2 Omics’ Contribution in Uncovering Molecular Alterations in Plants Under Pb Exposure 37518.3 Genetics and Epigenetics Regulations of Pb Toxicity and Tolerance 38018.4 The Role of Plant Cell Wall, Cell Signaling, and Transduction 38218.5 Pb-Binding Proteins/Transporters and Their Involvement in Tolerance 38418.6 Pb-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Mechanisms 38518.7 Metabolic Pathways Associated with Pb Tolerance 38818.7.1 Sugar/Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolic Pathway 38818.7.2 Phenylpropanoid Pathway 38918.7.3 Sulfur-Related Pathway and Phytohormones 39018.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective 392References 39419 Interaction of Heavy Metal with Drought/Salinity Stress in Plants 407Ziqian Li, Wentao Chen, Qianlong Tan, Yuanyuan Hou, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Baber Iqbal, and Yong li19.1 Introduction 40719.2 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 40919.2.1 Zinc (Zn) 40919.2.2 Cadmium (Cd) 41019.2.3 Aluminium (Al) 41119.2.4 Other Metals 41219.3 Photosynthesis 41319.4 Antioxidant System 41419.5 Conclusions and Prospects 415Acknowledgments 416References 41620 Hormonal Regulation of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Crop Plants 425Éderson Akio Kido, Gizele de Andrade Luz, Valquíria da Silva, Maria Fernanda da Costa Gomes, and José Ribamar Costa Ferreira Neto20.1 Introduction 42520.2 General Aspects of Plants Under HM Stress 42620.3 Phytohormone-Mediating Plant Response to HM Stress 42720.3.1 Abscisic Acid 43020.3.2 Auxin 43220.3.3 Brassinosteroid 43420.3.4 Cytokinin 43520.3.5 Ethylene 43720.3.6 Gibberellin 43820.3.7 Jasmonate 43920.3.8 Melatonin (MT) 44020.3.9 Salicylic Acid (SA) 44220.3.10 Strigolactone (SL) 44420.4 Crosstalk of Phytohormones in Plants Responding to Heavy Metals 44520.5 Final Considerations 447References 44821 Heavy-Metal-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal Formationand Detoxification in Crop Plants: Modulation of Tolerance by Exogenous Chemical Compounds 461Beatrycze Nowicka, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Sheikh Mahfuja Khatun, Jannatul Naim, Ahmed Khairul Hasan, and Mohammad Anwar Hossain21.1 Introduction 46121.2 Heavy-Metal-Induced ROS and Methylglyoxal Production in Plant Cells 46421.3 Detoxification of ROS and Methylglyoxal in Plant Cells 46821.4 Exogenous Chemical-Compounds-Mediated Heavy Metal/Metalloid Tolerance in Crop Plants 47321.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 484References 48622 Biochar Amendments in Soils and Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crop Plants 493Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek and Bhakti Jadhav22.1 Introduction 49322.2 Heavy Metal Immobilization Mechanisms on Biochar 49522.2.1 Heavy Metal Immobilization Through Soil pH Modification 49622.3 Biochar Interactions Through Rhizosphere 49622.3.1 Effect on Plant Root Development 49722.3.2 Changes in Elements Uptake from Rhizosphere 49822.4 Biochar-Induced Plant Respond to Metal Stress 49922.4.1 Biochar Induces Changes in Photosynthetic Activity 49922.4.2 Biochar Induces Changes in Antioxidant and Phytohormone Activity 49922.4.3 Biochar as a Source of Specific Chemical Compounds Affecting Heavy Metal Uptake By Plants 50122.5 Effect of Biochar on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Different Crops 50322.6 Effect of Biochar Type on Heavy Metal Immobilization 503References 50423 Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Their Metabolites: Clean and Green Approaches to Deal with Heavy Metal Toxicity 513Imtinen Sghaier, Ameur Cherif, and Mohamed Neifar23.1 Introduction 51323.2 Chemical Fertilizers and Their Impacts 51523.2.1 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Atmospheric Ecosystem 51523.2.2 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Aquatic Ecosystem 51523.2.3 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Soil 51523.2.4 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers on Plants 51623.3 PGPR and Biofertilization Traits 51623.3.1 Acquisition of Nutrients 51623.3.2 Production of Siderophores 51723.3.3 Production of Exopolysaccharides 51723.4 Resistance to Abiotic Stress 51823.5 Biostimulation Potential and PGPR 51923.6 Biocontrol Potential and PGPR 52023.7 PGPR and Heavy Metal Bioremediation 52123.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 524Acknowledgments 525References 52524 Applications of Nanotechnology for Improving Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 533Meng Jiang, Yue Song, Mukesh Kumar Kanwar, and Jie Zhou24.1 Introduction 53324.2 Impacts of NPs on the HM Stress in Plants 53524.2.1 Silicon 53524.2.2 Selenium 53524.2.3 Iron 53624.2.4 Zinc Oxide 53724.2.5 Titanium Dioxide 53724.2.6 Cerium Dioxide 53824.3 Mechanisms of NPs to Mitigate the Toxicity of HM 53924.4 Summary and Prospect 543References 54525 The Dynamics of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals: Recent Progress and Future Perspective 553Imran Haider Shamsi, Xiaoli Jin, Xin Zhang, Qidong Feng, Zakir Ibrahim, Muhammad Faheem Adil, Muhammad Fazal Karim, and Najeeb Ullah25.1 Introduction 55325.1.1 Types of Phytoremediation 55425.1.1.1 Phytostabilization 55425.1.1.2 Phytovolatalization 55425.1.1.3 Phytoextraction 55425.1.2 Modified Concept 55525.1.2.1 Chemical-Assisted Phytoremediation Employing Non-hyperaccumulator Plants 55625.1.2.2 Biochar-Assisted Phytoremediation 55625.1.2.3 Microbial-Assisted Phytoremediation 55725.2 Importance of Phytoremediation 55725.3 Role of Phytoremediation as a Sustainable Solution 55825.4 Biophilic Design as Phytoremediation in Urban Sustainability 55925.4.1 Eco-Design 55925.4.2 Biophilic Design 55925.4.2.1 Hypothesis of Biophilic 56225.4.2.2 Dimensions of Biophilic Design 56225.4.2.3 Direct Experience of Nature 56225.4.2.4 Indirect Experience of Nature 56325.4.2.5 Experience of Place and Space 56325.4.2.6 Sustainable Biophilic Cities 56325.4.3 Health Benefits 56425.4.4 Biophilic as an Antidepressant in Urban Environment 56525.4.5 Economic Benefits 56625.4.6 Sustainability and Resilience 56625.5 Conclusion 56725.6 Future Perspective 568Acknowledgment 569References 56926 Genetic Engineering for Heavy Metal/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 573Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif , Sopnil Ahmed Jahin, Abu Bakar Siddique, Mumtarin Haque Mim, Sharif-Ar-Raffi, Muhammad Javidul Haque Bhuiyan, and Beatrycze Nowicka26.1 Introduction 57326.2 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal/Metalloid Tolerance in Plants 57426.3 Strategies for Improving Metal/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 57626.4 Transgenic Plants and Heavy Metal/Metalloid Stress Tolerance in Plants 57726.4.1 Sulfur Metabolism Engineering and Heavy Metal Tolerance 57726.4.2 Glyoxalase Pathway Genes and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance 57726.4.3 Enhanced Antioxidant Defense and Heavy Metal Tolerance 57926.4.4 Phytochelatin and Metallothionein Genes and Heavy Metal Tolerance 57926.4.5 Metal Ion Transporter Genes/Proteins and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance 57926.5 CRISPR/Cas System and Heavy Metal Tolerance Development 58526.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 585Acknowledgment 586References 586Index 593