Guide to European Pressure Equipment

Simon Earland and David Nash are the authors of Guide to European Pressure Equipment, published by Wiley.

• General 1 Explanation of terms 3General definitions 3Organisations 3Codes and standards 4Mathematical notation 4Materials 4What is a pressure vessel? 4Common types of pressure vessel 4Proprietary types of pressure vessel 6Heat exchangers 6Steam boilers 7Vessels for the nuclear power industry 7Components of a pressure vessel 7Shells 7Heads or ends 7Cones 8Flanges 9Nozzles 9Manways and inspection openings 10Tubesheets 10Jackets and limpet coils 10Supports 11Stiffening rings 12Internals 12External attachments 12Internals 12Vortex breakers 12Demisters 12Baffles and weirs 13Filter elements 13Catalysts 13Trays 13Separation devices 14Mixers and agitators 14Accessories 14Manways 14Davits 15Platforms and ladders 15Relief valves and bursting discs 15Instruments 15Legislation and standards 17Legislation 18EC Directives 18General Directive on Pressure Vessels 76/767/EEC 18Gas Cylinders Directives 18The Simple Pressure Vessels Directive 87/404/EEC 19The Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC 20Standards 24Pressure vessel standards 24Associated standards 28Specification of pressure vessels 33Design data 35Pressure 35Temperature 36Cyclic loading 36Non-pressure loadings 36Fluid classification 37The state of the fluid contents 37The fluid group 37Size and configuration 38Size 38Configuration 38Nozzles and inspection openings 38Materials and corrosion 40Explanation of terms 40Selection of materials 40Typical materials 41Corrosion and erosion 45Material specifications 45Material specification selection 54Grouping systems for metallic materials 56Cladding 56Lining 56Gaskets 56Non-destructive examination (NDE) 57Quotation assessment 57References 58Design 61Introduction 63Thickness 63Loadings 63Classification of load cases 63Failure modes 63Dimensionless parameters 63Design-by-rule and design-by-analysis 63Design stresses 64Weld joint coefficient 64Testing groups 64Joint coefficients 65Shells and heads - internal pressure 65Cylindrical shells 65Spherical shells 66Dished ends 66Conical shells 67Comparison of thickness of shells and heads 68Shells and heads - external pressure or vacuum 68Cylindrical shells 68Conical shells 69Spherical shells 69Dished ends 70Nozzles and openings 70Isolated nozzles and openings 70Multiple openings 71Limitations 71Flanges 72General 72Standard flanges 72Flanged joint behaviour 72Flange styles 73Bolts 73Gaskets 74Design methods 75Other flange styles 76Assembly and tightening 76Fugitive emissions 76Annex G method 76Flat ends and stayed plates 78Welded flat ends 78Bolted flat ends 78Nozzles and openings in flat ends 79Vessels of non-circular cross-section 79Unreinforced vessels without a stay 80Unreinforced vessels with a central stay or partition plate 80Reinforced vessels 80Nozzles and openings 81Tubesheets and perforated plates 81Elastic theory method 82Limit load analysis 83Local loads 83Background to local loads analysis 83Local loads on nozzles 83Line loads 85Lifting lugs 86Combined loadings 86Sources of loading 86Assessment of loading 89Supports for horizontal and vertical vessels 89Horizontal vessels on saddle supports 89Vertical vessels with support legs 91Vertical vessels on brackets 91Vertical vessels with skirts 92Vertical vessels with ring supports 93Jacketed vessels 93Jacketed vessel design 93Limpet coils 94Fatigue 94General comments 94Basis of fatigue assessment 95Simplified assessment of fatigue life 95Detailed fatigue assessment 98References 98Manufacture 99Introduction 101Materials 101Procurement 101Traceability 101Storage of materials 102Basic processes 102Plate preparations 102Edge trimming 102Forming 103Rolling 103Pressing 103Dished heads 104Nozzles and stubs 105Flanges 105Machining 105Tolerances 105Alignment 105Tolerances for vessels subject to internal pressure 106Tolerances for vessels subject to external pressure 106Structural tolerances 107Welding 107Welding terms and definitions 107Weld procedure qualification 110Welder qualification 112Weld procedure specification 112Welding processes 116Cladding 125Welding of materials 126Weld preparations 126Carbon steels 126Chromium-molybdenum low alloy steels 129Nickel steels 131Stainless steels 131Nickel base alloys 133Aluminium and aluminium alloys 135Titanium and titanium alloys 135Useful welding references 136Heat treatment 136Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) 136Normalising 136Quench and tempering 136Inspection and testing 137Introduction 138Non-destructive testing (NDT) 138Visual examination 138Penetrant testing (PT) 139Magnetic particle testing (MT) 140Radiographic testing (RT) 141Ultrasonic testing (UT) 142Eddy current testing (ET) 143Acoustic emission monitoring (AE) 143Pressure testing 144Basic requirements 144Testing procedure 144Pneumatic and combined hydrostatic/pneumatic test 145Standard test pressure 145External pressure testing 146Other testing 146Leak testing 146Pull out test 147Material testing 147Tensile testing 147Impact testing 147HIC (Hydrogen induced cracking) testing 147Other material testing 147Nameplates 147Documentation 148Certification 149Painting 150Carbon steel and low alloy steels 150Stainless steels 150Preparation for shipment 150Installation, maintenance and in-service inspection 151Horizontal equipment 152Vertical vessels 152Foundations 153Horizontal equipment 155Vertical vessels 155Maintenance 155In-service inspection and testing 155Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 156Risk based inspection (RBI) 157Fitness-for-service 157Units and conversions and materials data 159SI, The International System of Units 161Conversion factors for SI units 162Plane angle 162Length 162Area 162Volume 163Time 163Linear velocity 163Linear acceleration 163Angular velocity 163Angular acceleration 163Mass 163Density 163Force 164Torque 164Pressure, stress 164Dynamic viscosity 164Kinematic viscosity 164Energy 165Power 165Flow 165Temperature 165Other conversion factors 166Hardness 166Material toughness 167Materials data 168Grouping system 168Material density 168Elastic modulus 168Pipe and tube data 170Dimensions of stainless steel pipes 170Standard plate and wire gauges 170Dimensions of carbon and low alloy steel pipes 170Bolting 171Properties of metric bolting 171Properties of unified bolting 171Volumes of solids 172Useful terms translated 173Classification guide to manufacturers and suppliers 185Introduction 186Names and addresses--manufacturers and suppliers 187Pressure Vessels--manufacturers and suppliers 201Heat Exchangers--manufacturers and suppliers 206Air Receivers--manufacturers and suppliers 209Filters--manufacturers and suppliers 210Separators--manufacturers and suppliers 211Special types of vessel--manufacturers and suppliers 212Components and ancillary products--manufacturers and suppliers 213Trade names--manufacturers and suppliers 216Reference index 218Index to advertisers 228