Equine Neonatal Medicine

The Editors David M. Wong, DVM, MS, DACVIM, DACVECC, is a Professor of Equine Medicine and Emergency & Critical Care and serves as the Chairperson of the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at the Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, USA. Pamela A. Wilkins, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVECC, is a Professor of Equine Medicine and Emergency and Critical Care in the Section of Equine Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign in Urbana, Illinois, USA.

• List of Contributors xivForeword xixPreface xxPart I The Newborn Foal 1Chapter 1 Postpartum Adaptation of the Newborn Foal 3Section I Fetal Heart Rate and Fetal ECG 3Section II Fetal Circulation and Cardiorespiratory Transition 8Section III Maturation of the Lung and the Surfactant System 12Section IV Onset of Breathing 26Section V Control of Breathing 32Section VI Renal Transition from Fetus to Newborn 37Section VII Newborn Physical Examination 42Chapter 2 Principles and Theory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 51Chapter 3 The Premature and Dysmature Neonatal Foal 64Part II Disorders of the Neonatal Foal 79Neonatal Respiratory System 81Chapter 4 Embryology and Anatomy of the Respiratory System 81Chapter 5 Clinical Neonatal Respiratory Physiology 84Chapter 6 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Respiratory System 90Section I Physical Examination 90Section II Thoracic Radiography of the Neonatal Foal 94Section III Thoracic Ultrasonography of the Neonatal Foal 101Section IV Advanced Imaging (ct, Mri) of the Neonatal Respiratory System 109Section V Inhalation Therapy 117Section VI Ventilator Therapy 126Chapter 7 Congenital Disorders of the Respiratory System 140Chapter 8 Respiratory Disorders 153Section I Disorders of Breathing Pattern in the Neonatal Foal 153Section II Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders 156Section III Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 183Section IV Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn 189Section V Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum 196Section VI Diaphragmatic Hernias 201Section VII Miscellaneous Disorders of the Respiratory System 206Section VIII Nonpulmonary Disease Processes Manifesting as Respiratory Disease 216Neonatal Cardiovascular System 224Chapter 9 Embryology and Anatomy of the Heart 224Chapter 10 Clinical Neonatal Cardiac Physiology 232Chapter 11 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Cardiovascular System 238Section I Examination of the Cardiovascular System 238Section II Echocardiography 244Section III Advanced Cardiac Monitoring in Foals 259Section IV Central Venous Pressure 268Section V Cardiovascular Medications for the Neonatal Foal 273Chapter 12 Congenital Heart Defects 284Chapter 13 Cardiovascular Disorders of the Neonatal Foal 315Section I Arrhythmias 315Section II Pathophysiology of Shock Syndromes in the Neonatal Foal 323Section III Catheter- Associated Thrombophlebitis 337Neonatal Digestive System 343Chapter 14 Embryology and Anatomy of the Digestive Tract 343Chapter 15 Examination of the Digestive Tract 351Section I Physical Examination of the Digestive System 351Section II Abdominocentesis and Cytologic Evaluation of Peritoneal Fluid 354Section III Ultrasonographic Examination of the Neonatal Foal Abdomen 357Section IV Endoscopy of the Digestive Tract 369Section V Radiography of the Alimentary Tract 374Section VI Oral Lactose Tolerance Test and Oral Glucose Absorption Test 387Section VII Liver Biopsy 389Section VIII Diagnostic Tests and Fecal Analysis in the Neonatal Foal with Diarrhea 391Section IX Nutritional Support 396Section X Prokinetic Therapy in Foals 402Section XI Endotoxemia in the Neonatal Foal 407Chapter 16 Congenital Disorders of the Equine Gastrointestinal Tract 421Chapter 17 Gastrointestinal Disorders 436Section I Causes of Dysphagia in the Neonatal Foal 436Section II Gastroduodenal Ulcer Syndrome and Ileus in the Foal 442Section III Enteritis, Colitis, and Diarrhea 451Section IV Peritonitis 471Section V Meconium Impaction 482Section VI Hernias 487Section VII Intestinal Hyperammonemia 491Chapter 18 The Acute Abdomen in the Neonatal Foal 495Chapter 19 Hepatobiliary Diseases 525Neonatal Endocrine System 543Chapter 20 Endocrine Physiology in the Neonatal Foal 543Section I The Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenal Axis and Steroid Hormones 545Section II Energy and Growth Hormones 556Section III Thyroid Hormones 563Section IV Hormones Involved in Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Regulation 567Section V Hormones Involved in Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Regulation 573Chapter 21 Endocrine Disorders in Foals 580Section I Disorders of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis and Neurosteroids 582Section II Disorders of Energy and Growth Hormones 589Section III Disorders of Thyroid Hormones 594Section IV Disorders of Hormones Involved in Blood Pressure and Volume Regulation 599Section V Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis 603Section VI Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders 611Neonatal Urinary System 629Chapter 22 Embryology and Anatomy of the Urogenital System 629Chapter 23 Clinical Neonatal Renal Physiology 638Chapter 24 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Urinary System 644Section I Examination of the Urinary System 644Section II Medications Acting on the Urinary System 654Section III Renal Replacement Therapies 662Chapter 25 Congenital Urogenital Disorders 670Chapter 26 Renal Disorders in Neonatal Foals 676Chapter 27 Urinary Tract Disorders 684Neonatal Nervous System 705Chapter 28 Embryology and Anatomy of the Neonatal Nervous System 705Chapter 29 Physiology of the Neonatal Nervous System 712Chapter 30 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Nervous System 724Section I Neurologic Examination of the Neonatal Foal 724Section II Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Analysis 730Section III Electrodiagnostics in the Neonatal Foal 734Section IV Intracranial Pressure Monitoring 739Section V Medications Acting on the Neonatal Nervous System 741Chapter 31 Congenital Nervous System Disorders 759Section I Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy 759Section II Lavender Foal Syndrome 763Section III Cerebellar Abiotrophy 765Section IV Deafness in Foals 768Section V Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (oaam) in Foals 770Section VI Miscellaneous Congenital Disorders of the Nervous System 773Chapter 32 Nervous System Disorders 784Section I Infectious and Inflammatory – Bacterial Meningoencephalomyelitis 784Section II Infectious and Inflammatory – Sarcocystis and Neospora in the Mare and Foal 787Section III Infectious and Inflammatory – Tetanus in the Neonatal Foal 795Section IV Toxicities – Neurotoxicities 806Section V Pathophysiology and Treatment of Central Nervous System Trauma in the Foal 831Section VI Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury in the Foal 858Section VII Metabolic Causes of Neurologic Dysfunction 886Section VIII Idiopathic – Neonatal Encephalopathy 895Section IX Idiopathic – Neonatal Epileptic Seizures 915Section X Idiopathic – Narcolepsy in Foals 919Section XI Autoimmune – Kernicterus 921Section XII Nervous System Neoplasia 925Section XIII Peripheral Nerve Disorders – Nerve Injury Secondary to Dystocia 927Section XIV Peripheral Nerve Disorders – Botulism 931Neonatal Musculoskeletal System 940Chapter 33 Embryology and Anatomy of the Neonatal Musculoskeletal System 940Chapter 34 Clinical Neonatal Musculoskeletal Physiology 950Chapter 35 Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Neonatal Musculoskeletal System 953Section I Diagnostic Tests 953Section II Medications for Intra- Articular and Musculoskeletal Use in the Neonatal Foal 961Chapter 36 Congenital and Acquired Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Neonatal Foal 976Chapter 37 Musculoskeletal Disorders 992Section I Infectious Neonatal Musculoskeletal Disorders 992Section II Noninfectious Neonatal Musculoskeletal Disorders 1007Neonatal Integumentary System 1024Chapter 38 Embryology and Anatomy of the Integument 1024Chapter 39 Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of Skin Diseases in the Foal 1026Chapter 40 Congenital and Inherited Skin Disorders 1031Chapter 41 Skin Disorders in the Neonatal Foal 1043Neonatal Hematology and Clinical Chemistry 1049Chapter 42 Development of Hemopoiesis in the Foal 1049Chapter 43 Evaluation of the Hematopoietic System – Flow Cytometry 1055Chapter 44 Clinical Chemistry in the Foal 1060Chapter 45 Hematologic Disorders 1073Neonatal Immunology & Infection 1089Chapter 46 Innate Immunity in the Foal 1089Chapter 47 Humoral Immunity & Transfer of Maternal Immunity 1099Chapter 48 Cellular Immunity in the Neonatal Foal 1109Chapter 49 Congenital Disorders of Immunity 1113Chapter 50 Neonatal Infection 1126Section I Bacterial Sepsis 1126Section II Viral Infections 1156Neonatal Ophthalmology 1178Chapter 51 Embryology and Anatomy of the Equine Eye 1178Chapter 52 Ocular Physiology and Vision in the Equine Neonate 1185Chapter 53 Examination, Diagnostics and Therapeutics of the Neonatal Equine Eye 1197Chapter 54 Congenital Ocular Abnormalities in the Foal 1214Chapter 55 Inherited Ocular Disorders 1222Chapter 56 Acquired Ocular Diseases in Neonatal Foals 1234General Treatment Principles for the Equine Neonate 1245Chapter 57 Neonatal Care at the Farm 1245Chapter 58 Feeding the Neonatal Foal 1259Chapter 59 Critical Care Techniques in the Neonatal Foal 1268Section I Foal Restraint and Handling 1268Section II Sedation of the Neonatal Foal 1272Section III Nasotracheal and Orotracheal Intubation 1273Section IV Placement of Nasal Insufflation Tube 1275Section V Nasogastric Tube Placement 1277Section VI Intravenous Catheter Selection, Placement, Maintenance, and Monitoring 1280Section VII Intraosseous Infusion Technique 1287Section VIII Treatment of Hypothermia 1290Section IX Direct and Indirect Blood Pressure Measurement 1294Section X Urinary Catheter Placement 1296Section XI Arterial and Venous Blood Gas Collection 1300Section XII Capnography 1302Section XIII Neonatal Transfusion Therapy 1305Section XIV Umbilical Care 1312Section xv Point- of- Care Monitors in Neonatal Medicine 1314Chapter 60 Special Considerations in Pharmacology of the Neonatal Foal 1320Chapter 61 Antimicrobial Therapy in the Neonatal Foal 1328Chapter 62 Fluid Therapy in the Neonatal Foal 1344Chapter 63 Nonsteroidal Anti- inflammatory Drugs and Analgesics in the Neonatal Foal 1358Chapter 64 Anesthesia of the Neonatal Foal 1366Chapter 65 Necropsy Examination and Sample Submission of the Fetus, Fetal Membranes, and Foal 1395Chapter 66 Special Considerations for the Neonatal Donkey and Mule Foal 1399Part III The Periparturient Mare 1419Chapter 67 Colic in the Periparturient Mare 1421Chapter 68 Cesarean Section 1436Chapter 69 The High- Risk Pregnancy 1439Chapter 70 Poor Maternal Behavior, Induction of Lactation, and Foal Grafting 1448Chapter 71 Maternal Complications Associated with Parturition 1453Chapter 72 Anesthesia of the Late- Term Mare 1467Appendix Formulary for Equine Neonatal Medications 1478Index 1505