Environmental Finance

SONIA LABATT is an associate faculty member at the Institute of Environmental Studies (IES), University of Toronto. She is actively engaged with the financial services world as an investor, and the academic world of environmental finance through a graduate-level course that she has developed and taught since 1996, "Corporate Perspectives on the Environment." RODNEY R. WHITE is Director of the Institute for Environmental Studies (IES), University of Toronto. His experience includes environmental consulting work for clients such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the Canadian International Development Agency, and the United States Agency for International Development. During 1999-2000, he was an Associate Fellow of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford, where he offered a graduate course, "The Financial Services Sector and Environmental Change." His most recent books include North, South and the Environmental Crisis, Urban Environmental Management (Wiley), and Building the Ecological City.

• CHAPTER 1: THE EMERGING WORLD OF ENVIRONMENTAL FINANCE. Introduction. An Emerging Field. Why Is It Happening at This Particular Time? Lessons Learned. How Might Environmental Finance Prepare Us for the Challenges Ahead? Conclusion. CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTS AND TOOLS FOR DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTAL FINANCE. Introduction. Environmental Management and Shareholder Value Creation. Environmental Management Systems. Stakeholder Relationships. Looking Ahead: Scenarios and Simulations. Tools for Risk Transfer. Trading Atmospheric Emission Reduction Credits. Conclusion. CHAPTER 3: THE FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR. Introduction. Structure of the Global Market for Financial Capital. Forces Reshaping Financial Service Industries. Core Financial Services. Response of the Financial Services Sector to Deregulation. Financial Services' Approach to Environmental Issues. Conclusion. Endnotes. CHAPTER 4: BANKING. Introduction. Commercial Banking. Direct Liability of Contaminated Land. Brownfield Redevelopment. Risk Management. Environmental Products and Services. Niche Markets and Microcredit. Internal Environmental Management. UNEP Financial Institutions Initiative. Measurements and Reporting of Environmental Management. Investment Banking. Climate Change: Risks and Opportunities for the Banking Sector. Sustainable Energy Funds. The Price of Carbon. Reputational Risk. Conclusion. Web Sites. CHAPTER 5: INSURANCE. Introduction. Angus Ross, Invited Author's Comment. Contaminants in the Environment. Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events. Transferring Risk from the Insurance Industry to the Capital Markets. Regional Variations in the Response of Insurance Companies to the Environmental Challenge. Conclusion. Endnote. CHAPTER 6: INVESTMENTS. Introduction. Evolution of Screening for Social and Environmental Responsibility. The Relationship between Environmental and Financial Performance. Performance of Environmentally Screened Funds. Variation in Research Results. Socially Responsible Investment Portfolio Performance Ratings. Institutional Portfolio Managers. Environmental Products in Fund Management. Environmental Research and Rating Organizations. Weightings. Investable Indexes. Conclusion. Endnotes. Web Sites. CHAPTER 7: CLIMATE CHANGE AND FINANCIAL VULNERABILITY. Introduction. Accepting Climate Change as a Real Phenomenon. Physical Impacts of Climate Change. Vulnerability by Economic Sector. Anticipating Human Response to Climate Change. Critical Factors in Human Response to Climate Change. Conclusion. Web Sites. CHAPTER 8: Environmental Reporting and Verification. Introduction. Trends in Environmental Reporting. Main Types of Environmental Reporting. Pollution Release and Transfer Registers. Accounting Profession and Security Regulators. Environmental Reporting from the Preparer's Perspective. Environmental Reporting from the User's Perspective. Progress in Environmental Reporting. Alan Willis, Invited Author's Comment. Conclusion. Web Sites. CHAPTER 9: Strategies for Managing Environmental Change. Introduction Greenhouse Gas Emission Targets: Rationale, Types, and Methods. Green Housekeeping. Environmental Reporting. Global Monitoring. Climate Change Programs. New Weather-Related Products. Trading Pollution Reduction Credits. Conclusion. Endnotes. Web Sites. CHAPTER 10: THE WAY AHEAD. Introduction. Business and Environmental Change: What's New? The New Paradigm. Data Quality. Leadership. Environmental Change: From Challenge to Opportunity. The Environmental Learning Curve: Redefining Success. APPENDIX A. UNEP Statement by Financial Institutions on the Environment and Sustainable Development. List of Signatories to the UNEP Statement by Financial Institutions on the Environment and Sustainable Development. UNEP Statement of Environmental Commitment by the Insurance Industry. Status of the UNEP Statement of Environmental Commitment by the Insurance Industry. APPENDIX B. APPENDIX C. The Annex 1 Countries. ACRONYMS. REFERENCES. INDEX.