Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry

JAMES G. SPEIGHT, PHD, is an author, consultant, and lecturer on energy and environmental issues. He has written nearly thirty books, including Handbook of Petroleum Analysis, Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, and Handbook of Coal Analysis, all published by Wiley.

• Preface xiPart I Petroleum Technology 1Chapter 1 Definitions and Terminology 31.1 The Environment 41.2 Petroleum 91.3 Classification 111.3.1 Chemical Composition 121.3.2 Correlation Index 131.3.3 Density 141.3.4 Carbon Distribution 151.3.5 Viscosity–Gravity Constant 151.3.6 UOP Characterization Factor 161.4 Petroleum Products 161.4.1 Boiling Range 191.4.2 Environmental Behavior 191.5 Refinery Waste 201.5.1 Chemical Characteristics 211.5.2 Environmental Behavior 25References 27Chapter 2 Composition and Properties 312.1 Composition 322.1.1 Elemental Composition 322.1.2 Chemical Composition 332.1.3 Composition by Volatility 352.1.4 Composition by Fractionation 372.2 Properties 402.2.1 Density and Specific Gravity 402.2.2 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis 412.2.3 Fractionation by Chromatography 422.2.4 Liquefaction and Solidification 442.2.5 Metals Content 442.2.6 Spectroscopic Properties 452.2.7 Surface and Interfacial Tension 472.2.8 Viscosity 492.2.9 Volatility 51References 53Chapter 3 Refinery Products and By-Products 573.1 Refinery Products 603.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 643.1.2 Naphtha, Gasoline, and Solvents 683.1.3 Kerosene and Diesel Fuel 713.1.4 Fuel Oil 713.1.5 Lubricating Oil 743.1.6 White Oil, Insulating Oil, and Insecticides 753.1.7 Grease 753.1.8 Wax 763.1.9 Asphalt 773.1.10 Coke 773.2 Petrochemicals 783.3 Refinery Chemicals 803.3.1 Alkalis 803.3.2 Acids 813.3.3 Catalysts 83References 86Chapter 4 Refinery Wastes 874.1 Process Wastes 904.1.1 Desalting 924.1.2 Distillation 934.1.3 Visbreaking and Coking 964.1.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 984.1.5 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating 994.1.6 Alkylation and Polymerization 1014.1.7 Catalytic Reforming 1054.1.8 Isomerization 1054.1.9 Deasphalting and Dewaxing 1064.2 Entry into the Environment 1084.2.1 Storage and Handling of Petroleum Products 1084.2.2 Release into the Environment 1104.3 Toxicity 1134.3.1 Lower-Boiling Constituents 1144.3.2 Higher-Boiling Constituents 1174.3.3 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 1194.3.4 Wastewater 120References 121Part II Environmental Technology and Analysis 123Chapter 5 Environmental Regulations 1255.1 Environmental Impact of Refining 1315.1.1 Air Pollution 1315.1.2 Water Pollution 1325.1.3 Soil Pollution 1325.2 Environmental Regulations in the United States 1325.2.1 Clean Air Act 1335.2.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1375.2.3 Clean Water Act 1405.2.4 Safe Drinking Water Act 1415.2.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 1425.2.6 Oil Pollution Act 1435.2.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1445.2.8 Toxic Substances Control Act 1445.2.9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 1465.3 Refinery Outlook 1465.3.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations 1465.3.2 Regulatory Background 1475.3.3 Requirements 1475.4 Management of Refinery Waste 148References 149Chapter 6 Sample Collection and Preparation 1516.1 Petroleum Chemicals 1516.2 Sample Collection and Preparation 1536.2.1 Sample Collection 1546.2.2 Extract Concentration 1686.2.3 Sample Cleanup 1706.3 Measurement 1706.4 Accuracy 1726.5 Precision 1736.6 Method Validation 1746.7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 1796.7.1 Quality Control 1796.7.2 Quality Assurance 1816.8 Method Detection Limit 182References 183Chapter 7 Analytical Methods 1857.1 Leachability and Toxicity 1867.2 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 1867.2.1 Gas Chromatographic Methods 1917.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy Methods 1957.2.3 Gravimetric Methods 1967.2.4 Immunoassay Methods 1987.3 Petroleum Group Analysis 1987.3.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography 2007.3.2 Immunoassay 2017.3.3 Gas Chromatography 2017.3.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 2037.3.5 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 2047.4 Petroleum Fractions 205References 206Chapter 8 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 2078.1 Petroleum Constituents 2098.2 Analytical Methods 2108.2.1 Environmental Samples 2108.2.2 Biological Samples 2178.2.3 Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Hydrocarbons 2288.3 Assessment of the Methods 230References 234Chapter 9 Analysis of Gaseous Effluents 2379.1 Gaseous Products 2399.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 2399.1.2 Natural Gas 2409.1.3 Refinery Gas 2419.1.4 Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Carbon Dioxide 2449.1.5 Particulate Matter 2449.2 Environmental Effects 2459.3 Sampling 2479.4 Analysis 2479.4.1 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) 2489.4.2 Composition 2499.4.3 Density 2529.4.4 Sulfur 2539.4.5 Volatility and Vapor Pressure 253References 254Chapter 10 Analysis of Liquid Effluents 25710.1 Naphtha 25810.1.1 Composition 26110.1.2 Density (Specific Gravity) 26610.1.3 Evaporation Rate 26610.1.4 Flash Point 26610.1.5 Odor and Color 26710.1.6 Volatility 26710.2 Fuel Oil 26810.2.1 Asphaltene Content 26910.2.2 Composition 27010.2.3 Density (Specific Gravity) 27110.2.4 Elemental Analysis 27210.2.5 Flash Point 27610.2.6 Metals Content 27610.2.7 Pour Point and Viscosity 27710.2.8 Stability 27810.3 Wastewaters 279References 280Chapter 11 Analysis of Solid Effluents 28311.1 Residua and Asphalt 28311.1.1 Acid Number 28611.1.2 Asphaltene Content 28711.1.3 Carbon Disulfide Insoluble Constituents 28811.1.4 Composition 28911.1.5 Density (Specific Gravity) 29011.1.6 Elemental Analysis 29211.1.7 Float Test 29311.1.8 Softening Point 29311.1.9 Viscosity 29411.1.10 Weathering 29411.2 Coke 29411.2.1 Ash 29611.2.2 Composition 29711.2.3 Density 29911.2.4 Dust Control Material 30011.2.5 Hardness 30011.2.6 Metals 30011.2.7 Sulfur 301References 302Chapter 12 Pollution Prevention 30512.1 Refinery Wastes and Treatment 30612.1.1 Air Emissions 30612.1.2 Wastewater and Treatment 30912.1.3 Other Waste and Treatment 31112.2 Pollution Prevention 31112.2.1 Pollution Prevention Options 31212.2.2 Recycling 31512.2.3 Treatment Options 31612.3 Adoption of Pollution Reduction Options 317References 319Glossary 321Index 343