Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution

Wilbur Applebaum is Professor Emeritus at IllinoisInstitute of Technology, where he taught the history ofscience for twenty-five years. His research interests andpublications center on seventeenth-century astronomy andthe Scientific Revolution, for which he has receivedgrants from the National Science Foundation, MellonFoundation, National Institute of Mental Health and theAmerican Philosophical Society. He has served in aconsulting capacity for the Museum of Science andIndustry and the Adler Planetarium in Chicago.Among his recent publications are"Epistemological and Political Implications of theScientific Revolution." In Science, Pseudo-science, andUtopianism in Early Modern Thought, edited by Stephen A. McKnight, and "Keplerian Astronomy after Kepler: Researches and Problems," in the journal History ofScience.

• A; Académie Royale des Sciences; Academies; Accademia dei Lincei; Accademia del Cimento; Acosta, José de (ca. 1540–1600); Acoustics; Acta eruditorum; Active Principles; Aerostatics.; Agricola, Georgius (1494–1555); Agriculture; Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (1486–1535); Air Pump; Alchemy; Aldrovandi, Ulisse (1522–1605); Algebra; Almanacs; Analytic Geometry; Anatomy; Andreae, Johann Valentin (1586–1654); Anthropology and Race; Apian, Peter (1495–1552); Apothecaries.; Archaeology and Antiquities; Architecture; Aristotelianism; Arnauld, Antoine (1612–1694); Art; Ashmole, Elias (1617–1692); Astrolabe; Astrology; Astronomical tables and Ephemerides; Astronomy; Atomism; Attraction; Automata; Auzout, Adrien (1622–1691); B; Bacon, Francis (1561–1626); Baconianism; Baliani, Giovanni Battista (1582–1666); Ballistics and Gunnery; Barometer; Barrow, Isaac (1630–1677); Bartholin, Erasmus (1625–1698); Bartholin, Thomas (1616–1680); Basso, Sebastian (fl. 1560–1625); Bauhin, Gaspard (1560–1624) and Jean (1541–1613); Becher, Johann Joachim (1635–1682); Beeckman, Isaac (1588–1637); Beguin, Jean (ca. 1550–ca. 1620); Bellini, Lorenzo (1643–1704); Belon, Pierre (1517–1564); Benedetti, Giovanni Battista (1530–1590); Berengario da Carpi, Giacomo (1460–1530); Bernoulli, Jakob I (1654–1705); Bernoulli, Johann I (1667–1748); Biblical Chronology; Biblical Interpretation; Biringuccio, Vannoccio (1480–ca. 1540); Blaeu, Willem Janszoon (1571–1638); Boerhaave, Hermann (1668–1738); Book of Nature; Books of Secrets; Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso (1608–1679); Botanical Gardens; Botany; Boulliau, Ismaël (1605–1694); Boyle, Robert (1627–1691); Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601); Briggs, Henry (1561–1631); Brouncker, William (1620–1684); Brunfels, Otto (ca. 1489–1534); Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600); Buonamici, Francesco (ca. 1535–1603); Bureau d'adresse; Bürgi, Joost (1552–1632); Burnet, Thomas (ca. 1635–1715); C; Cabala.; Calculating Machine; Calculus; Calendar Reform; Cambridge Platonists; Camera Obscura; Camerarius (Camerer), Rudolph Jacob (1665–1721); Campanella, Tommaso (1568–1639); Cardano, Girolamo (1501–1576); Cartesianism; Cartography; Casa de la Contratación; Cassini, Gian Domenico (Jean-Dominique) (1625–1712); Causality; Cavalieri, Bonaventura (1598–1647); Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (née Lucas) (1623–1673); Celestial Spheres; Cesalpino, Andrea (1519–1603); Cesi.; Charleton, Walter (1620–1707); Chemical Philosophy; Chemistry; Cimento.; Class.; Classification of the Sciences; Clavius, Christoph (1538–1612); Clocks.; Clockwork Universe; Coiter, Volcher (1534–1576); Collège Royal; Colleges of Physicians; Collegio Romano; Colombo, Realdo (ca. 1510–1559); Color; Comets; Commandino, Federico (1509–1579); Compass, Magnetic; Contagion.; Conway, Anne, Viscountess Conway (née Finch) (1631–1679); Copernicanism; Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543); Corpuscularianism.; Correspondence Networks; Correspondences; Cosmic Dimensions; Cosmogony; Court Cultures.; Craftsman-and-Scholar Thesis; Crollius, Oswald (ca. 1560–1609); Cross-Staff; Cudworth, Ralph (1617–1688); D; Decimals; Dee, John (1527–1608); Della Porta.; Demonstration; Descartes, René (1596–1650); Dialectic; Diffraction; Digby, Kenelm (1603–1665); Digges, Thomas (ca. 1546–1595); Discourse, Styles of; Dissection; Dodoens, Rembert (1516–1585); Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528); Dynamics; E; Educational Reform; Electricity; Elements; Emblematics; Embryology; Empiricism; Encyclopedias; Ephemerides.; Epicureanism; Epigenesis; Ercker, Lazarus (ca. 1530–1594); Ether; Etiology; Eustachio, Bartolomeo (ca. 1510–1574); Experience and Experiment; Exploration and Discovery; F; Fabri, Honoré (1607–1688); Fabrici, Girolamo (Fabricius ab Acquapendente) (ca. 1533–1619); Falloppio, Gabriele (1523–1562); Fermat, Pierre de (1601–1665); Fermentation; Fernel, Jean François (1497–1558); Flamsteed, John (1646–1719); Fludd, Robert (1574–1637); Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de (1657–1757); Force; Fortification; Fracastoro, Girolamo (ca. 1478–1553); Fuchs, Leonhart (1501–1566); G; Galenism; Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642); Galileo and the Church; Gascoigne, William (ca. 1612–ca. 1644); Gassendi, Pierre (1592–1655); Gemma Frisius, Reiner (1508–1555); Generation; Geography; Geoheliocentrism; Geology/Mineralogy; Geometry.; Gessner, Conrad (1516–1565); Gilbert, William (1544–1603); Glanvill, Joseph (1636–1680); Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1604–1670); Glisson, Francis (1597–1677); Globes, Astronomical and Terrestrial; Government and Science; Graaf, Regnier de (1641–1673); Gravitation.; Greenwich Observatory.; Gregory, David (1659–1708); Gregory, James (1638–1675); Gresham College; Grew, Nehemiah (1641–1712); Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618–1663); Guericke, Otto von (1602–1686); Guinter of Andernach, Joannes (ca. 1505–1574); Gunnery.; H; Halley, Edmond (ca. 1656–1743); Harmonics.; Harriot, Thomas (ca. 1560–1621); Hartlib, Samuel (ca. 1600–1662); Harvey, William (1578–1657); Heat; Helmont, Johannes Baptista van (1579–1644); Herbals.; Hermetism; Hernández, Francisco (1515–1587); Hevelius, Johannes (1611–1687); Histories of Trades; Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679); Hooke, Robert (1635–1703); Horology; Horrocks, Jeremiah (1618–1641); Humanism; Humors; Huygens, Christiaan (1629–1695); Hydraulics and Hydrostatics; Hydrostatics.; Hypothesis; I; Iatrochemistry; Iatromechanics; Ideology, Science as; Illustration; Impetus; Inertia; Infinitesimals; Infinity, Mathematical; Infinity of the World; Instrument Makers; Intelligencers.; Internalist/Externalist Historiography; J; Jesuits.; Journal des sçavans; K; Kabbalah; Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630); Keplerianism; Kinematics; Kircher, Athanasius (1602–1680); L; Laboratories; La Hire, Philippe de (1640–1718); Langren, Michael Florent van (1598–1675); Laws of Nature; Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van (1632–1723); Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716); Lemery, Nicolas (1645–1715); Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519); Libavius, Andreas (1540–1616); Libraries; Light Transmission; Lincei.; Lister, Martin (1639–1712); Literature; Locke, John (1632–1704); Logarithms; Logic; Longomontanus.; Lower, Richard (1631–1691); M; Macrocosm/Microcosmicrocosm; Maestlin, Michael (1550–1631); Magic; Magic and the Scientific Revolution; Magini, Giovanni Antonio (1555–1617); Magnetism; Malebranche, Nicolas (1638–1715); Malpighi, Marcello (1628–1694); Mapmaking.; Mariotte, Edmé (ca. 1620–1684); Marxist Historiography; Mass; Mathematical Practitioners.; Mathematics; Matter; Maurolico, Francesco (1494–1575); Mayow, John (1641–1679); Measurement; Mechanical Philosophy; Mechanics; Medical Education; Medicine; Medieval Science and the Scientific Revolution; Menageries; Mercator, Gerard (1512–1594); Mercator, Nicolaus (ca. 1619–1687); Mersenne, Marin (1588–1648); Meteorology; Microscope; Microscopy; Mining and Metallurgy; Mixed Sciences; Monte, Guidobaldo del (1545–1607); Montmor Academy; More, Henry (1614–1687); Motion; Museums and Collections; Music/Harmonics; N; Napier, John (1550–1617); Natural History; Natural Laws.; Natural Theology.; Navigation; Neoplatonism; Neopythagoreanism; Newcastle, Duchess Of.; Newton, Isaac (1642–1727); Novae; Nuñes, Pedro (1502–1578); O; Observatoire de Paris; Oldenburg, Henry (ca. 1619–1677); Optics; Ortelius, Abraham (1527–1598); Oughtred, William (1575–1660); Oxford Philosophical Society; P; Pacioli, Luca (ca. 1445–1517); Paracelsus (ca. 1493–1541); Parallax; Paré, Ambroise (ca. 1510–1590); Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662); Pathology.; Patronage; Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de (1580–1637); Perspective; Petit, Pierre (ca. 1598–1677); Petty, William (1623–1687); Peurbach, Georg (1423–1461); Pharmacology; Pharmacy; Philosophical Transactions; Physico-Theology; Physics; Physiology; Picard, Jean (1620–1682); Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463–1494); Platonism.; Plurality of Worlds; Pneuma; Pneumatics; Political Economy.; Political Theory; Popularization; Porta, Giambattista della (1535–1615); Positivist Historiography; Power, Henry (1623–1668); Praetorius (Richter), Johannes (1537–1616); Precession; Preformation; Printing; Prisca theologia; Probability; Progress.; Proof.; Proportional Dividers; Protestantism.; Providence, Divine; Psychology; Ptolemaic Astronomy; Public Knowledge; Puritanism and Science; Q; Quadrant; Qualities; R; Ramelli, Agostino (1531–1590); Ramus, Peter (1515–1572); Ray, John (1620–1705); Realism; Recorde, Robert (1510–1558); Redi, Francesco (1626–1697); Reflection; Reformation, Protestant; Refraction; Regiomontanus, Johannes (1436–1476); Reinhold, Erasmus (1511–1553); Religion and Natural Philosophy; Resolution and Composition; Revolutions in Science; Rheticus, Georg Joachim (1514–1574); Rhetoric; Riccioli, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) (1598–1671); Richer, Jean (1630–1696); Roberval, Gilles Personne de (1602–1675); Rohault, Jacques (1620–1675); Römer, Ole Christensen (1644–1710); Rondelet, Guillaume (1507–1566); Rosicrucianism; Rothmann, Christoph (fl. 1555–1597); Royal Academy of Sciences.; Royal Observatory at Greenwich; Royal Society of London; S; Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484–1558); Scheiner, Christoph (1573–1650); Scholasticism.; Schooten, Frans van (ca. 1615–1660); Scientific Revolution; Scientific Societies.; Secrets of Nature; Sennert, Daniel (1572–1637); Series, Mathematical; Servetus, Michael (1511–1553); Severin, Christian (Christen Sørensen; Longomontanus or Langberg) (1562–1647); Sex and Gender; Shipbuilding; Signatures.; Skepticism; Slide Rule; Sluse, René-François de (1622–1685); Snel (Snellius or Snel van Royen), Willebrord (1580–1626); Social Class and Science; Society of Jesus; Soul; Space; Species; Spinoza, Benedict de (1632–1677); Spirit; Spontaneous Generation; Stahl, Georg Ernst (1660–1734); Statistics; Steno, Nicolaus (Niels Stensen) (1638–1686); Stevin, Simon (1548–1620); Stoicism; Styles of Science: National, Regional, and Local; Surgery; Surveying; Swammerdam, Jan (1637–1680); Sydenham, Thomas (1624–1689); Sylvius, Franciscus (Franz de le Boë) (1614–1672); T; Taxonomy; Teleology; Telescope; Telescopic Astronomy; Telesio, Bernardino (1509–1588); Theology.; Theories of the Earth; Theory; Thermoscope/Thermometer; Tides; Time; Torricelli, Evangelista (1608–1647); Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1656–1708); Towneley, Richard (1629–1707); Translations; Trigonometry; Tyson, Edward (1650–1708); U; Universal Languages; Universities; Uraniborg; Ursus (Bär), Nicolaus Raimarus (1551–1600); Utopias; V; Vacuum.; Vacuum Pump.; Vallisneri, Antonio (1661–1730); Valverde, Juan (ca. 1525–ca. 1588); Van Helmont.; Van Leeuwenhoek.; Van Schooten.; Varignon, Pierre (1654–1722); Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre (1633–1707); Vesalius, Andreas (1514–1564); Viète, François (1540–1603); Virtuosi; Vision; Vitalism; Vives, Juan Luis (1492–1540); Viviani, Vincenzio (1622–1703); Void; W; Wallis, John (1616–1703); Ward, Seth (1617–1689); Warfare of Science and Theology; Wendelin, Gottfried (Vendelinus) (1580–1667); Whiston, William (1667–1752); White, Thomas (1593–1676); Wilkins, John (1614–1672); Willis, Thomas (1621–1675); Willughby, Francis (1635–1672); Witchcraft; Witt, Jan de (1625–1672); Wittich, Paul (ca. 1546–1586); Women and Natural Philosophy; Wren, Christopher (1632–1723); Wright, Edward (1558–1615); Z; Zabarella, Jacopo (1533–1589); Zoology

"Clearly, and often engagingly, written...accessible to a fairly wide readership...The attention to the cultural aspects of this period of science, the quality of the articles, and the collocation of these topics in one volume make this a useful reference source for many types of libraries." -- American Reference Books Annual"Filling a hole in reference collections on the history of science...this work will find a welcome home in academic libraries and public libraries.." -- Library Journal"Scholarly without being obtuse... Recommended for larger public and academic science reference collections." -- Booklist/RBB