Electrochemical Energy Conversion via Small Molecule Catalysis

Zhicheng Zhang, PhD, is currently a Professor of Tianjin University in China. He is the Associate Editor of SmartMat and an editorial board member of Nano Research, Chinese Chemical Letters, and Rare Metals.Yuanmiao Sun, PhD, is a Professor of Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research is focused on the design of efficient functional materials via multi-dimensional computation modeling and calculation.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xvii1 Introduction 1Yiran Zhang, Zhicheng Zhang1.1 Origins and Evolution of Small-molecule Catalysis for Electrochemical Energy Conversion 11.2 Current State of Small-molecule Catalysis in Electrochemical Energy Conversion 21.3 Challenges in Small-molecule Catalysis for Electrochemical Energy Conversion 31.4 Opportunities and Future Outlook 4Acknowledgment 42 Electrochemical Energy Conversion Techniques 7Zhongxin Chen, Huaiguang li2.1 Introduction: The Future Is Electrifying 72.2 Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers 92.3 Batteries and Supercapacitors 182.4 Summary 203 Constant-potential Modeling in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction 23Yaqiong Su3.1 Introduction 233.2 Principle of Constant-potential Modeling 243.3 Constant-potential Modeling of Electrochemical CO 2 RR 253.4 Conclusion and Outlook 37Acknowledgment 374 Advanced In Situ Characterization Techniques for Direct Observation of Gas-involved Electrochemical Reactions 43Yue Zhai, Jiamin Zhu, ShuHui Li, Luohua Liu, Li An4.1 Introduction 434.2 In Situ Infrared Technique 444.3 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance 484.4 X-ray Powder Diffraction 534.5 In Situ Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometer 564.6 In Situ Raman Spectroscopy 604.7 In Situ Fluorescence Spectrum 654.8 X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer 674.9 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectrometer 715 Dynamic Structural Evolution Identification via X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 77Chengyi Liu, Shibo xi5.1 Introduction 775.2 Fundamentals of XAFS 785.3 XAFS Data Analysis and Interpretation 845.4 In Situ and Operando XAFS Techniques 905.5 Advanced XAFS Methods 955.6 Dynamic Structural Evolution in Catalysts 995.7 Application of XAFS in Electrochemical Energy Conversion 1015.8 Conclusion and Outlook 104Acknowledgment 1056 Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 111Xinran Sun, Boxin Xiao, Jiaqing Liu, Xue Feng Lu6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Performance Evaluation Criteria and Methods 1146.3 Advanced Electrocatalysts for HER 1186.4 Summary and Perspective 129Acknowledgment 1327 Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction 139Yifan Ma, Junhua Li, Ying Tang, Hang An, Xiaopeng Wang7.1 Introduction 1397.2 The State-of-the-art Characterization Techniques 1417.3 OER Mechanisms 1437.4 The Mechanism and Development Status of Some Typical Energy Conversion Reactions 1477.5 Catalysis Evaluation and Prediction 1497.6 Conclusion 150Acknowledgment 1508 Electrochemical Hydrogen/Liquid Fuel Oxidation Reaction 157Ran Wang, Huan Pang8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Hydrogen Fuel Oxidation Reaction 1588.3 Liquid Fuel Oxidation Reaction 1648.4 Conclusion and Outlook 172Acknowledgment 1739 Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction 183An-Liang Wang9.1 Introduction 1839.2 The ORR Mechanism 1839.3 ORR Catalyst Characterization Techniques 1859.4 The Category of ORR Catalyst 1869.5 Pd-based Metal Catalysts 1909.6 Non-platinum Group Metal Catalysts 1929.7 Metal-free Catalysts 1949.8 Single-atom Catalysts 1959.9 Conclusion and Outlook 200Acknowledgment 20110 Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass Derivatives 209Tao Zhang, Jing Peng10.1 Introduction 20910.2 Fundamentals of Electrooxidation of Biomass Derivatives 21010.3 Cathodic Reaction in Biomass Electrooxidation System 21810.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 22411 Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction and Conversion 231Jiapeng Ji, Xiaolong Zhang11.1 Introduction 23111.2 Fundamentals of ECR 23311.3 Catalysts for ECR 23611.4 Mechanisms and Pathways of ECR 24011.5 Challenges and Opportunities 24611.6 Case Studies and Applications 25411.7 Future Perspectives 25711.8 Conclusion 25812 Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation and Conversion 269Rong Zhang, Shaoce Zhang, Ying Guo12.1 Introduction 26912.2 Electrocatalytic N 2 Reduction Reaction 27112.3 Electrocatalytic N 2 Oxidation Reaction 28912.4 Conclusion and Outlook 295Acknowledgment 29613 Recent Progress in Electrochemical ​C–N​Coupling Reactions 311Chu Zhang, Chunyuan Feng, Lixiang Zhong, Chade lv13.1 Introduction 31113.2 Milestones in Electrocatalytic ​C–N​Coupling 31213.3 Fundamentals of Electrocatalytic ​C–N​Coupling 31313.4 Electrocatalytic ​C–N​ Coupling for Urea Synthesis 32013.5 Electrocatalytic ​C–N​ Coupling for Amide Synthesis 33013.6 Mechanistic Understanding of Electrocatalytic ​C–N​Coupling 33513.7 Summary 341Acknowledgment 34114 Electrochemical Fluorination 347Meng Li, Chuang Fan, Gengtao Fu14.1 Introduction 34714.2 Electrochemically Driven Fluoroalkylation 34814.3 Electrochemical Selective Fluorination of Alkenes 35214.4 Ionic Liquids-facilitated Electrofluorination 35614.5 Electrochemical Fluorination Using Alkali Metal Fluorides 36014.6 Conclusion and Outlook 362Acknowledgment 36315 Electrochemical Polymerization: Synthesis of Functional Films for Energy Devices 367Yansong Zhou, Shuangyin Wang15.1 Introduction 36715.2 General Principles of Electrochemical Polymerization 36815.3 Advanced Electrochemical Polymerization Technology 37115.4 Electrochemical Polymerization in the Fabrication of Functional Films 37215.5 Concluding Remarks 375Acknowledgment 37616 Summary and Perspective 383Yuanmiao Sun16.1 Summary 38316.2 Perspective 384Index 385