Biomimetic Nanomaterials

Bing Ni, PhD, is a Full Professor at Beijing Normal University. His research is focused on crystal growth mechanisms and electrocatalysis. Zhicheng Zhang, PhD, is a Professor at Tianjin University in China. His research is focused on the design and synthesis of functional metal-based nanomaterials and their applications in energy conversion and catalysis.

• Biography of Book Editors xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Bing NiPart 1: Biomimetic Inorganic Nanostructures 4Part 2: Biomacromolecules and Structural Mimics 4Part 3: Nanomaterials Mimicking Biocatalytic Processes 5References 52 Biominerals and Biomineralization 7Jie Wang, Zonghao Yu, Zhaoming Liu2.1 Typical Biominerals 72.2 Unique Structures of Biominerals 122.3 A Crystal Growth View on Biomineralization Process 152.4 Inspirations from Biomineralization 192.4.1 Manufacture of Biomimetic Structures 202.4.2 Controllable Arrangement of Ions – A Biomimetic Process 212.4.3 Life–Material Hybrids 232.5 Conclusion 25References 253 Designing Functional Biomorphs 33Bing Ni3.1 Introduction 333.2 Overview of the Biomorph Formation Mechanism 353.3 Influence and Potential Application of the Biomorphs 413.4 Conclusion 44References 444 Biomimetic Materials Inspired by Bone and Tooth 47Yifan Xu, Yuning Wang, Yanhuizhi Feng4.1 Introduction 474.2 Biomimetic Artificial Bone 484.2.1 The Structure and Mineralization of Bone 484.2.1.1 The Composition and Structure of Bone 484.2.1.2 The Synthesis and Self-assembly of Type I Collagen 484.2.1.3 The Mineralization of Bone 504.2.2 Artificial Bone 524.2.2.1 Acellular Scaffolds 534.2.2.2 Electrospinning Technology 544.2.2.3 3D Bioprinting Technology 544.2.2.4 Freeze-drying Technology 544.2.3 Future Directions 564.3 Biomimetic Artificial Tooth 564.3.1 The Structure and Mineralization of Tooth 564.3.1.1 The Structure of Enamel 564.3.1.2 The Mineralization of Enamel 574.3.1.3 The Structure of Dentin 584.3.1.4 The Mineralization of Dentin 584.3.2 Biomimetic Tooth 594.3.2.1 Biomimetic Enamel 594.3.2.2 Biomimetic Dentin 644.3.3 Future Directions 65References 655 Biomimetic Chiral Nanomaterials 73Lili Tan, Peng-peng Wang5.1 Introduction 735.2 Biomolecular Encoding Chiral Inorganic Nanomaterials 745.2.1 Biomimetic Inorganic Nanomaterials with Surface Chirality 755.2.2 Biomolecularly Programmed Inorganic Assemblies 775.2.3 Chiral-shaped Inorganic Nanomaterials 805.3 Bioinspired Applications 815.3.1 Chiral Sensor 815.3.2 Chiral Catalyst 825.3.3 Chiral Therapy 855.4 Conclusion 86References 876 Biomacromolecular Mimics 93Nan Wu, Xiao Sang, Xinyu Zhang, and Xinyu Liu6.1 Introduction 936.2 Structure and Function of Biomacromolecules 946.2.1 Nucleic Acids 946.2.2 Proteins 956.2.3 Polysaccharides 976.3 Development of Biomacromolecular Mimics 976.3.1 Directly Copying the Structures of Biomacromolecules 976.3.1.1 Genetic and Protein Engineering 986.3.1.2 Folding and Assembly 1006.3.2 Chemical Modification of Bioproducts 1026.3.2.1 Covalent Modification 1026.3.2.2 Noncovalent Modification 1046.3.2.3 De Novo Organic Synthesis 1066.3.2.4 Enzyme-catalyzed Modification 1096.4 Applications of Bio-macromolecular Mimics 1106.4.1 Application of Nucleic Acid-based Mimics 1116.4.2 Application of Protein-based Mimics 1126.4.3 Polysaccharide-based Mimics 1136.5 Challenges and Future Directions 1156.6 Conclusion 115References 1167 Advanced Wood-based Bionic Materials 125Yingying li7.1 Wood Bionic Intelligence Science 1257.2 Theoretical Basis of Wood Bionics Science 1267.2.1 Hierarchal Structure of Wood 1267.2.2 Multi-scale Porous Structure of Wood 1277.3 Advanced Wood-based Materials 1277.3.1 Transparent Wood-based Materials 1287.3.2 Ultra-strong Wood 1307.3.3 Magnetic-responsive Wood 1317.3.4 Light-temperature Responsive Wood 1337.3.5 Energy Storage Wood 1347.3.6 Superhydrophobic Wood 1357.4 Conclusion 136References 1378 Bio-inspired Multifunctional Nanocellulose Materials 141Jieming Qiu, Rui Xiong8.1 Introduction 1418.2 Classification of Nanocellulose 1428.2.1 The Main Properties of Nanocellulose 1438.2.1.1 Excellent Mechanical Properties 1438.2.1.2 Surface Chemical Tunability 1438.2.1.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability 1448.3 Multidimensional Structural Design of Nanocellulose 1448.3.1 1D Nanocellulose Structures 1458.3.1.1 Individual Fibril Structure 1458.3.1.2 Aligned Nanofibril Structure 1508.3.2 2D Hierarchical Structure 1518.3.2.1 Self-assembly 1528.3.2.2 LbL Growth 1538.3.3 3D/4D Hierarchical Architectures 1548.3.3.1 3D/4D Printing 1548.3.3.2 Ice-templating Assembly 1568.3.3.3 Self-assembly of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Structures 1578.4 Conclusion and Outlook 160References 1619 Biomass-based Materials for a Circular Economy 173Bing Ni9.1 Introduction 1739.2 Lignin Extraction and Functionalization 1749.3 Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels 1799.4 Biomass Conversion to Functional Carbon Materials 1829.5 Conclusion 189References 18910 Biomimetic Aerogel 197Hong Ju Jung10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Anisotropic Building Blocks 19910.2.1 2D Material Dispersions 19910.2.2 1D Material Dispersions 20110.2.3 Hybrid Material Dispersions 20210.3 Assembly Techniques 20310.3.1 Self-assembly 20510.3.2 Freeze Casting 20510.3.3 Breath-figure Method 20510.3.4 Electrochemical Gelation 20610.4 Applications 20610.4.1 Thermal Insulation 20710.4.2 Elastic Sponges 20810.4.3 Water Transport 20810.4.4 Bio-scaffolds 20910.4.5 Energy Storage System 20910.4.6 Other Applications for Conductive BAs 21110.5 Discussion 21110.5.1 Diversity of Shapes 21210.5.2 Mass Production 21210.5.3 Structural Analysis 21310.6 Conclusion 214References 21411 Mechanical Materials with Biomimetic Hierarchical Structures 221Wenbing Wu11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Lamellar Organization 22211.2.1 Layer-by-layer Assembly 22211.2.2 Freeze-casting 22511.2.3 Bulk Fabrication Methods 22811.2.4 Additive Manufacturing 23011.3 Columnar Organization 23211.4 Challenges and Perspectives 235References 23812 Nanozyme 247Ying Liu, Ruijie Qin, Run Yang, Huan Guo, Zhe Hao, Zhicheng Zhang, Ruizhong Zhang, Xiyan Li, Libing Zhang12.1 Introduction of Nanozyme 24712.2 Classification of Nanozymes 24912.2.1 Carbon-based Nanomaterials for Nanozyme 24912.2.2 Metal-based Nanomaterials for Nanozyme 25012.2.3 Metal Oxide-based Nanomaterials for Nanozymes 25112.2.4 Single-atomic Nanomaterials for Nanozymes 25312.3 Applications of Nanozymes in Bioanalysis 25412.3.1 Detection of Ions 25412.3.2 Detection of Small Biological Molecules 25512.3.3 Detection of Biological Macromolecules 25612.3.4 Detection of Bacteria 25712.3.5 Detection of Cancer Cells and Extracellular Vesicles 25812.4 Applications of Nanozymes in Therapy 25912.4.1 Nanozymes for Prooxidative Therapy 26012.4.1.1 Antibacterial Applications 26012.4.1.2 Anti-tumor Applications 26012.4.2 Nanozymes for Cytoprotection and Antioxidant Therapy 26212.4.2.1 Cytoprotection Applications 26212.4.2.2 Antioxidant Applications 26212.5 Challenges and Perspective 264Acknowledgment 265References 26513 Photosynthesis and Photocatalytic Water Splitting 273Xiaoke Li, Rui Yang, Zhicheng Zhang13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Photosynthesis: A Natural Masterpiece 27413.3 Artificial Photocatalytic Water Splitting 27513.3.1 Photocatalysts 27613.4 Comparison of Natural and Artificial Systems 27613.4.1 Quantum Efficiency 27613.4.2 Mechanistic Differences 27813.4.3 Charge Separation and Recombination 27913.5 Potential Improvements in Artificial Systems 28013.5.1 Improved Photocatalysts 28013.5.2 Nanostructuring 28113.5.3 Spatial Separation of HER and OER 28413.6 Conclusion and Outlook 285Acknowledgment 286References 28614 CO2 Conversion 291Ziru Wang, Peilei He14.1 Introduction: Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 29114.2 Nanostructures for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 29314.2.1 Semiconductor Nanostructures 29314.2.2 Metal-organic Frameworks 29514.2.3 CO2 Fixation Enzymes: Biomimetic Approaches 29614.3 Challenges and Perspectives 297References 29815 Artificial N2 Fixation 303Jinzheng Liu, Mingzhu Li, Mingliang Hu, Ruizhong Zhang, Xiyan Li, Zhicheng Zhang, Libing Zhang15.1 Introduction 30315.2 Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 30615.2.1 Precious Metal-based Materials for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 30915.2.2 Non-precious Metal-based Materials for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 31215.2.3 Nonmetallic Base Material for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 31415.3 Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 31415.3.1 Precious Metal-based Materials for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 31715.3.2 Non-noble Metal-based Materials for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 31915.3.3 Nonmetallic Base Material for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation 32115.4 Conclusion and Outlook 321Acknowledgment 321References 322Index 329