Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials

Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD, is a professor at Lovely Professional University with more than seventeen years of experience in academics. She has published more than 45 research papers in refereed journals and conferences. She has organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students, and she has worked as a session chair, conference steering committee member, editorial board member, and reviewer for IEEE journals and conferences. She has published one edited book and currently has multiple volumes scheduled for publication, including volumes available from Wiley-Scrivener.Parvej Ahmad Alvi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physics at Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. He has more than 14 years of teaching and research experience in the area of modern physics, semiconductor physics, and nanotechnology. He has worked as an editorial board member and reviewer on several journals and conferences and has published more than 100 research papers in refereed international journals and conferences. He also has six books to his credit.Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD, is an associate professor at the Renewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. He has over 15 years of teaching, research and industrial experience. He is an Associate Editor at the journal, IEEE Access, and is an editor on the journal, Heliyon, along with other jorunals. He has published more than 250 research papers in academic journals and conferences and has also contributed to over a dozen books.

• Preface xviiPart I Design and Analysis 11 Strain Engineering in Modern Field Effect Transistors 3Kunal Sinha1.1 Introduction 31.2 Theory of Strain Technology 41.2.1 Stress and Strain 41.2.2 Stress Matrix for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress 61.2.3 Impact of Strain on MOSFET Parameters 81.3 Simulation Studies in Strain Technology 91.4 Experimental Studies on Strain Technology 121.5 Summary and Future Scope 14Future Scope 15Acknowledgement 15References 152 Design and Optimization of Heterostructure Double Gate Tunneling Field Effect Transistor for Ultra Low Power Circuit and System 19Guenifi Naima and Shiromani Balmukund Rahi2.1 Introduction 192.2 Fundamental of Device Physics 202.2.1 Basic Working Principles of TFET 202.2.2 Kane’s Model 212.3 Analysis Approach and Device Parameters 212.4 Switching Behavior of TFET 232.5 Results and Discussion 242.6 Conclusion 34Acknowledgement 35References 353 Polymer Electrolytes: Development and Supercapacitor Application 37Anil Arya, Anurag Gaur and A. L. Sharma3.1 Introduction 373.1.1 The Basic Principle and Types of Supercapacitors 383.1.2 Key Characteristics of the Electrolyte 403.1.3 Polymer Electrolytes and Types 433.1.4 Modification Strategies for Polymer Electrolytes 463.2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques 473.3 Latest Developments 513.4 Summary 62References 624 Tunable RF/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS 67Mehul Thakkar, Pravin R. Prajapati and Hitesh Shah4.1 Introduction 674.2 Literature Review 704.2.1 Planar Reconfigurable Filters 704.3 Proposed Work 714.3.1 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter 714.3.2 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 724.3.3 Design of Tunable Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS 764.4 Conclusion 80Acknowledgement 80References 805 GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Device Technology for RF and High-Power Applications 83A. B. Khan5.1 Introduction 835.2 HEMT Structures 855.2.1 GaAs-Based HEMTs 855.2.2 InP-Based HEMTs 855.2.3 GaN-Based HEMTs 865.3 Polarization Impact and Creation of 2DEG in GaN HEMT 885.3.1 Polarization Effect 885.3.2 Formation of 2DEG 905.4 GaN-Based HEMT Performance Affecting Factors 925.4.1 Surface Passivation 925.4.2 Parasitic Effects 935.4.3 Field Plate Engineering Technique 945.4.4 Impact of Barrier Layer 955.5 Conclusion 95References 966 Design and Analyses of a Food Protein Sensing System Based on Memristive Properties 101Rupam Goswami, Arighna Deb, Rithik Dilip Rathi and Prateek Mahajan6.1 Introduction 1016.2 Background 1036.2.1 Principle of a Memristor 1036.2.2 Bio-Memristors 1036.2.3 Applications of Memristors 1046.3 Motivation 1056.4 Experimental Set-Up 1056.5 Experimental Methodology and Preliminary Validation 1066.5.1 Experimental Methodology 1066.5.1.1 Food Items 1066.5.1.2 Reading Voltage and Current Values 1076.5.2 Preliminary Validation 1076.6 Sensitivity Parameters 1086.6.1 Resistance-Based Sensitivity (Sr) 1086.6.2 Point Slope-Based Sensitivity (Sm) 1086.6.3 Hysteresis-Line Slope Sensitivity 1096.7 Results and Discussion 1106.7.1 Category I: Egg Albumin and Milk 1106.7.2 Category II: Protein Blend 1136.8 Conclusions and Prospects 114References 1157 Design of Low-Power DRAM Cell Using Advanced FET Architectures 119A. Durgesh and Suman Lata Tripathi7.1 Introduction 1197.2 1T-DRAM (MOS) 1207.3 1T-DRAM (CNT-FET) 1237.4 1T-DRAM (FinFET) 1247.5 1-T DRAM (TFET) 1287.6 Conclusion 130References 1318 Application of Microwave Radiation in Determination of Quality Sensing of Agricultural Products 133Dr. Ravika Vijay, Dr. Nidhi Bhargava and Prof. K. S. Sharma8.1 Microwave Heating and its Applications to Agricultural Products 1338.1.1 Principle of Microwave Heating 1338.1.2 Moisture Sensing 1358.1.3 Promoting Germination 1368.1.4 Food Processing 1368.1.5 Weeds, Insects and Pests Control 1368.1.6 Product Conditioning 1368.1.7 Microwave Drying 1378.1.8 Quality Sensing in Fruits and Vegetables 1378.2 Measurement Techniques 1378.2.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe – Network Analyzer Technique 1388.2.2 Network Analyzer 1398.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Agricultural Products at Different Temperatures 1408.4 Correlation of Dielectric Properties with Nutrients 1488.5 Conclusion 151References 1519 Solar Cell 155Dr. Arvind DhingraIntroduction 1559.1 History of Solar Cell 1559.2 Constructional Features of Solar Cell 1589.3 Criteria for Materials to Be Used in Manufacturing of Solar Cell 1589.4 Types of Solar Cells 1599.5 Process of Making Crystals for Solar Cell Manufacturing 1609.6 Glass 1619.7 Cell Combinations 1619.7.1 Series Combination of Solar Cells 1619.7.2 Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 1629.7.3 Series-Parallel Combination of Solar Cells 1639.8 Solar Panels 1649.9 Working of Solar Cell 1659.10 Solar Cell Efficiency 1669.11 Uses/Applications of Solar Cells 166Conclusion 167References 16710 Fabrication of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) Thin Film Solar Cell 169Jaymin Ray, Keyur Patel, Gopal Bhatt, Priya Suryavanshi and C. J. Panchal10.1 Introduction 16910.2 Device Structure of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 17010.3 Fabrication and Characterization of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell 17110.3.1 Effect of Thermally Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Operation of CIGS Solar Cell 17410.3.2 Effect of Heat Soaks on CIGS/CdS Hetero-Junction 17510.3.3 Effect of Flash Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell 17610.3.4 Effect of i-ZnO Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell 17910.4 Conclusion 186References 18611 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A Multi-Objective Approach 189Saumyadip Hazra and Souvik Ganguli11.1 Introduction 18911.2 Problem Statement 19111.2.1 SDM 19211.2.2 DDM 19411.3 Methodology 19611.4 Results and Discussions 19711.4.1 Results for the Single-Diode Model 19811.4.2 Results for Double-Diode Model 20311.5 Conclusions 208References 20912 An IoT-Based Smart Monitoring Scheme for Solar PV Applications 211Senthil Kumar Ramu, Gerald Christopher Raj Irudayaraj and Rajarajan Elango12.1 Introduction 21112.2 Solar PV Systems 21312.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 21312.2.1.1 Stand-Alone PV Modules 21412.2.1.2 Grid-Connected PV Systems 21412.2.2 Concentrates Solar Power (CSP) 21412.2.3 Solar Water Heater Systems 21512.2.4 Passive Solar Design 21612.2.5 Solar Microgrid System 21612.2.5.1 PV Module 21712.2.6 Battery 21712.2.6.1 Flooded Lead Acid Battery 21812.2.6.2 VRLA Battery 21912.2.6.3 Lithium-Ion Battery 21912.2.7 MPPT 21912.2.8 Inverters & Other Electronic Equipment 21912.2.9 Charge Controller 22012.2.10 Additional Systems Equipment 22012.3 IoT 22012.3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning 22112.3.1.1 Hardware 22112.3.1.2 Middleware 22112.3.1.3 Cloud 22112.3.2 Big Data and Cloud Computing 22112.3.3 Smart Sensors 22112.3.3.1 Temperature Sensor 22112.3.3.2 Humidity Sensor 22212.3.3.3 Tilt Sensor 22312.3.3.4 CO2 Sensor 22312.3.3.5 Voltage and Current Sensor 22312.3.3.6 Light Sensor 22312.3.3.7 MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) Sensor 22312.3.3.8 Ultrasonic Sensor 22312.3.3.9 IR Sensor 22412.3.3.10 Proximity Sensor 22412.3.4 Additional Devices for Control and Communication 22412.3.4.1 Arduino 22412.3.4.2 Raspberry Pi 22412.3.4.3 GSM Module 22512.3.5 Renewable Energy and IoT in Energy Sector 22512.3.6 Application of IoT 22612.3.6.1 Application to Renewable Energy Systems 22612.3.6.2 Application to Grid Management 22712.4 Remote Monitoring Methods of Solar PV System 22812.4.1 Wireless Monitoring 22812.4.2 Physical/Wired Monitoring 22812.4.3 SCADA Monitoring 22812.4.4 Monitoring Using Cloud Computing 22812.4.5 Monitoring Using IOT 22812.4.5.1 IoT-Based Remote Monitoring 22912.5 Challenges and Issues of Implementation of IoT on Renewable Energy Resources 23012.5.1 Challenges 23012.5.2 Solutions 23112.6 Conclusion 231References 23113 Design of Low-Power Energy Harvesting System for Biomedical Devices 235Dr. R. Seyezhai and S. Maheswari13.1 Introduction 23513.2 Investigation on Topologies of DC-DC Converter 23613.2.1 Hybrid Source Architecture Based on Synchronous Boost Converter 23613.2.2 Hybrid Source Architecture Using Single-Inductor Dual-Input Single-Output Converter 23713.2.3 Hybrid Source Architecture Employing a Multi-Input DC Chopper 23913.3 Hardware Results 24613.4 Conclusion 247References 24714 Performance Analysis of Some New Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithms for High-Dimensional Optimization Problems 251Souvik Ganguli, Gagandeep Kaur and Prasanta Sarkar14.1 Introduction 25114.2 An Overview of Proposed Hybrid Methodologies 25314.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 25614.4 Conclusions 282References 28315 Investigation of Structural, Optical and Wettability Properties of Cadmium Sulphide Thin Films Synthesized by Environment Friendly SILAR Technique 285Sampat G. Deshmukh, Rohan S. Deshmukh and Vipul Kheraj15.1 Introduction 28515.2 Experimental Details 28615.3 Results and Discussion 28815.3.1 Film Formation Mechanism 28815.3.2 Thickness Measurement 28915.3.3 Structural Studies 28915.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 29215.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 29315.3.6 Optical Studies 29415.3.7 Wettability Studies 29515.4 Conclusion 29615.5 Acknowledgement 296References 296Part II Design, Implementation and Applications 29916 Solar Photovoltaic Cells 301V. Mohanapriya and V. Manimegalai16.1 Introduction 30116.2 Need for Solar Cells 30216.3 Structure of Solar Cell 30216.4 Solar Cell Classification 30316.4.1 First-Generation Solar Cells 30316.4.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells 30416.4.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells 30416.5 Solar PV Cells 30516.6 Solar Cell Working 30616.7 Mathematical Modelling of Solar Cell 30616.8 Solar Cell Connection Methods 30916.9 Types of Solar PV System 31116.10 Conclusion 313References 31317 An Intelligent Computing Technique for Parameter Extraction of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Models 315Shilpy Goyal, Parag Nijhawan and Souvik Ganguli17.1 Introduction 31517.2 Problem Formulation 31717.2.1 Single-Diode Model 31717.2.2 Double-Diode Model 31917.2.3 Three-Diode Model 32017.3 Proposed Optimization Technique 32217.3.1 Various Phases of Optimization of Harris Hawks 32317.3.1.1 Exploration Phase 32317.3.1.2 Turning from Global to Local Search 32417.3.1.3 Exploitation Phase 32417.4 Results and Discussions 32417.5 Conclusions 339References 33918 Experimental Investigation on Wi-Fi Signal Loss by Scattering Property of Duranta Plant Leaves 341Khalid Ali Khan, Syed Gulraze Anjum, M. Nasim Faruque and Dinkisa Dechasa Geyesa18.1 Introduction 34118.1.1 Duranta Golden Plant 34218.1.2 Foliage Loss 34318.2 Measurement and Calculation 34318.2.1 Scattering Feasibility 34618.2.2 Comparison with Tree Shadowing Effect 34718.3 Result and Discussion 34718.4 Conclusions 348References 34819 Multi-Quantum Well-Based Solar Cell 351Ashish Raman, Chetan Chaturvedi and Naveen Kumar19.1 Introduction 35119.2 Theoretical Aspects of Solar Cell 35319.3 Device Design and Simulation Setup 35419.4 Results and Discussion 35619.4.1 GaSb/GaAs MQWs Solar Cell 35619.4.2 InGaP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 35819.4.3 InP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 36019.4.4 AlGaAs/GaAs MQW Solar Cell 36119.4.5 Optimization 36319.5 Comparative Analysis 36719.6 Conclusion 370References 37020 Mitigation Techniques for Removal of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic System 373Pandiyan P, Saravanan S, Chinnadurai T, Ramji Tiwari, Prabaharan N and Umashankar S20.1 Introduction 37320.2 Influencing Factors for Deposition of Dust 37520.2.1 Ecological Factors 37520.2.1.1 Direction of Wind and its Velocity 37520.2.1.2 Temperature and Moisture 37620.2.1.3 Humidity 37720.2.1.4 Rainfall 37720.2.1.5 Dust Properties 37720.2.1.6 Bird Droppings 37820.2.2 Factors Influencing Installation 37820.2.2.1 Orientation and Tilt Angle 37820.2.2.2 Height 37820.2.2.3 Top Surface of the Solar Panels 37820.2.3 Installed Location and Exposure Time 37920.3 Effects of Deposition of Dust on the Solar Panels 37920.3.1 Influence of Electrical Characteristics 37920.3.2 Influence of the Optical Characteristics 38020.3.3 Influence of the Thermal Characteristic 38120.4 Methods of Cleaning System 38120.4.1 Natural Cleaning Method 38420.4.2 Manual Cleaning Method 38420.4.3 Self-Cleaning Method 38520.4.3.1 Active Cleaning 38520.4.3.2 Passive Cleaning 38820.5 Conclusion 389References 38921 Solid-State Air-Conditioning System Using Photovoltaic Module 393Dr. Y. Thiagarajan, S. Karthikeyan, K. Santhosh, M. Keerthana and Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira21.1 Introduction 39321.1.1 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) 39421.2 Fabrication of the Solid State Air-Conditioning System 39521.2.1 Description of the Proposed Model 39521.2.2 Peltier Effect 39521.2.3 Comparison Between the Existing Framework and Proposed System 39621.3 Hardware Implementation 39621.3.1 8051 Architecture 39621.3.2 Microcontroller PCB 39721.3.3 Photovoltaic Module 39721.3.4 Solar Radiation 39721.3.5 Battery 39821.3.6 Relay 39921.3.7 5×1 Keypad 40021.3.8 Peltier Sensor 40021.3.9 Solenoid Valve 40021.4 Software Analysis 40021.4.1 KEIL Compiler 40121.4.2 Gathering with Cx51 40121.4.3 Running Cx51 from the Command Prompt 40121.4.4 Program for AT89S52 40221.4.4.1 Solar Coding 40221.4.4.2 Peltier Coding 40621.5 Conclusion 409References 40922 Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell: Fabrication and Characterization 411Kinjal Patel, Neelkanth G. Dhere, Vipul Kheraj and Dimple Shah22.1 Introduction 41122.1.1 Solar Photovoltaics: A Key to Energy Elucidation 41222.1.2 Thin Film Solar Cells 41322.1.3 CZTS Solar Cells 41422.2 Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell 41522.2.1 Glass Cleaning 41622.2.2 Molybdenum Deposition 41722.2.3 CZTS Thin Film Coating 41722.2.4 CdS Deposition 41722.2.5 ZnO and Al-ZnO Coating 41822.2.6 Chromium/Silver Front Contact Grid 41822.2.7 CZTS Solar Cell Device 41922.3 Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell 42022.3.1 Typical Solar Cell Characterizations 42022.3.2 Current-Voltage (I-V) Measurement 42122.3.3 Quantum Efficiency (QE) 42322.4 Conclusion 424Acknowledgement 425References 42523 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cell Using Gravitational Search Algorithm 427Kaustuv Das, Raju Basak, Souvik Ganguli and Asoke Kumar Paul23.1 Introduction 42723.2 Modelling of Photovoltaic Unit 42923.2.1 Two-Diode Structure 43023.3 Formation of Function 43123.4 Gravitational Search Algorithm 43323.4.1 The Gravitational Search Algorithm is Shown in Steps as Follows 43523.5 Review of GSA 43623.6 Application of GSA 43623.7 Summary and Future Scope of Work 43623.8 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 43723.8.1 Steps Involved for Particle Swarm Optimization 43923.9 Results and Discussion 43923.10 Conclusion 443References 44324 Study of the Most Commonly Utilized Maximum Power Point (MPP) Tracking (MPPT) Schemes for SPV Systems 447Pawan Kumar Pathak, Anil Kumar Yadav and P. A. Alvi24.1 Introduction 44724.2 Problem Overview in SPV Power Extraction 44824.3 Modeling of SPV System 44924.4 MPPT Schemes 45124.4.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) 45124.4.2 Incremental Conductance 45524.4.3 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Based 45924.4.4 Hybrid 46624.5 Conclusion 470References 47025 An Investigation and Design of Symmetric and Asymmetric Inverter for Various Applications 473L. Vijayaraja, S. Ganesh Kumar and M. Rivera25.1 Introduction 47325.2 Evaluation of Multilevel Inverters and Its Application in Recent Times 47425.3 Design of 15-Level Inverter With Symmetric Voltage Source 47625.4 Experimentation of 27-Level Symmetric Inverter 47725.5 Design of 31-Level Inverter Using Asymmetric Voltage Sources 48225.5.1 Mathematical Model of 31-Level Inverter 48325.6 Development of 53-Level Inverter Using Packed Structures 48725.7 Summary 491References 49126 A Demand Side Management Controller Configuration for Interleaved DC-DC Converters Applicable for Renewable Energy Sources 493Davood Ghaderi, Gökay Bayrak and Umashankar Subramaniam26.1 Introduction 49326.2 Control Method and Proposed Controller Investigation 49626.2.1 Power Sharing and Demand Side Management 50126.3 Simulation Results 50426.4 Experimental Results 50826.5 Conclusion 512References 51427 Applications of Hybrid Wind Solar Battery Based Microgrid for Small-Scale Stand-Alone Systems and Grid Integration for Multi-Feeder Systems 517P. Satish Kumar27.1 Introduction 51727.2 Stand-Alone HRES System 51827.2.1 System Description 51827.2.2 Results and Discussion 52027.2.2.1 Performance of HRES During Source Variations Only 52027.2.2.2 Performance of HRES During Load Variations Only 52327.2.3 Conclusion 52327.3 Grid-Connected HRES System 52527.3.1 System Description 52527.3.2 Results and Discussion 52527.3.2.1 HRES Output 52627.3.2.2 Performance of Grid-Connected HRES for Nonlinear Loads 52827.3.2.3 Performance of Grid-Connected HRES for Source Voltage Imperfections 52927.3.3 Conclusion 530Acknowledgements 531References 53328 Challenging Issues and Solutions on Battery Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles 535A. Gayathri, V. Manimegalai and P. Krishnakumar28.1 Introduction 53528.2 Principle and Working of Battery 53628.3 Types of Batteries 53628.3.1 Primary or Non-Rechargeable Batteries 53728.3.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries 53728.3.2.1 Lead-Acid Batteries 53828.3.2.2 Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) 53828.3.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) 53828.3.2.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) 53928.3.3 Selection of Batteries 53928.3.3.1 Why Lithium-Ion Battery? 54028.4 Thermal Behavior of Batteries 54228.5 Battery Thermal Management Systems 54328.6 Methods of Battery Thermal Management Systems 54428.6.1 Air Cooling BTMS 54428.6.2 Liquid Cooling BTMS 54628.6.3 Refrigerant Direct Cooling System BTMS 54728.6.4 Phase Change Material-Based BTMS 54828.6.5 Heat Pipe-Based BTMS 54928.6.6 Thermoelectric Cooling 55028.7 Conclusion 551References 551Index 555