Dutch Rediscover the Dutch-Africans (1847–1900)

Andrew Burnett, Ph.D., (2020) UWA, lives and works in Perth, Western Australia. His interests include the role of language in personal identity, and the growth of colonial nationalism in settler societies. His writing includes a study of the effect of the second Anglo-Boer War on Australian identity.

• General Series Editor’s PrefaceAcknowledgementsList of Abbreviations, Notes on Currency Values and TranslationRelevant Dates1 Brother Nation or Lost Colony – Dutchness Re-imaginedIntroductionTheoretical ContextKinshipNation and IdentityImperialismNationalismCultural NationalismColonyColonial NationalismLanguageLanguage, Literature and National IdentityThe View from EuropeImperialism and Colonialism in the Southern African Bridgeheads2 Dutch Writing about the Dutch Role in Southern AfricaSouthern Africa in General Dutch HistoriographyProvincialism or ComparativismDutch Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century?Re-thinking the Relationship between the Dutch and Their Former ColoniesReligion and National IdentityKinship with the Dutch-Africans – Myth or Reality?Conclusion3 The Dutch Look Back: The Birth of the Kinship MovementIntroductionThe Netherlands between 1795 and 1875 – a Period of UpheavalLooking Back to Past GloryDutch National IdentityThe Liberal DecadesA Colony Lost – the View from EuropeTwo groups of Dutch-AfricansStamverwantschap—the Early Years—1840 to 1875Ulrich Gerhard LautsLauts Takes the InitiativeLauts Lobbies the Dutch ParliamentLauts’ LegacyThe Dutch Government Mid-1850s – Tentative EngagementJacobus StuartChild Migration 1855–1870The links sustained by educationHendrik Hamelberg – the Importance of Personal ExperienceConclusion4 ‘There Exists a Second Netherlands’IntroductionThe Role of the Dutch Protestant Churches among the Dutch-AfricansDutch Newspapers and BurgersBurgers, the Man and His VisionBurgers’ Vision Reinforced by a Treaty and by HamelbergThe Unmaking of BurgersA Dopper Pastor Pours Cold Water on EnthusiasmDutch-Africans Attacked from ‘the left’Metropoles ComparedThe imperious British Attitude Towards the Dutch Regarding Southern AfricaThe Imbalance in Shipping and CommunicationsStamverwantschap Faces the Assertion of British powerConclusion5 Dutch Reaction to the Annexation of the TransvaalIntroductionA measured Initial Response to the AnnexationPleasure over Burgers’ DemiseSand River Convention – Sovereignty and SlaverySlavery in the Transvaal Republic– the EvidenceThe Dutch Respond to British ClaimsDutch Supporters Characterise the Allegations as PropagandaNeo-Calvinist Development of the Kinship IdeologyDutch Reactions Harden and Protest BeginsDutch-Africans don’t Deserve Our Support – Another Liberal ViewThe Dutch Government Responds – the Neutrality PolicyThe Dutch ‘Official Mind’ Remains NeutralConclusion6 Transvaal Rebellion Succeeds: Greater Influence for StamverwantschapIntroductionThe Vision Survives – Excitement BuildsNew Symbols of DutchnessHarting’s Seminal PublicationLiberal Appeals to Reason and FairnessA Prominent Liberal Looks Back in AngerNeutrality Trumps Stamverwantschap Again in ParliamentAttacking Neutrality in the Lower HouseA New Figure in the Stamverwantschap MovementWomen and the Stamverwantschap MovementThe Creation of the Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche VereenigingHarting’s VisionConclusion7 Rebuilding the Broken Link – the Jonkman ReportIntroductionInstitutionalised Stamverwantschap – Initial DifficultiesThe Liberals Require Direct ContactThe Jonkman Mission – A Divide ExposedThe Jonkman VisitNostalgiaDutch Migration NeededConnecting with Colonial SocietyIn the Oranje VrijstaatIn Kruger’s RepublicColonial Nationalism IdentifiedJonkman’s Assessment of S. J. du ToitJonkman’s Published ConclusionsLessons from the Jonkman ReportConclusion8 President Kruger visits: Dutch Capital Markets Fail HimIntroductionDutch National Press and English Anti-Boer PropagandaDivisions in the Dutch Welcoming PartyReceptions for the DeputationControversy at Plancius – Kuyper’s SpeechA purpose and Identity for Calvinist Christians in AfricaA Liberal ResponseA Declining Role for KuyperInter-governmental Links with the Dutch-Africans Not Yet EstablishedSobering Impact of Jorissen’s DismissalJorissen’s Bold PlanInvesting in the Stamverwanten – a Bad Start by the Koch BrothersTesting the Dutch Capital MarketsBackground to Dutch Capital RaisingHarting Appeals for Support for the Capital RaisingInvestors’ Questions – Meeting at the OdeonSovereign Risk?Sovereign Risk Fears Stronger than Kinship1884 – a Reality Check for the Stamverwantschap MovementBeyond 1884 – NZASM Funds, Builds and Operates the ZAR RailwaysConclusion9 Emigration to Southern Africa – Touchstone for Kinship?IntroductionPart 1: Nineteenth-Century Dutch Emigration in a Northern European ContextPart 2: How the Dutch Failed Their StamverwantenConclusion10 Educating the Dutch-Africans: A Civilising Mission, or Cultural Imperialism?IntroductionStamverwantschap as a Vehicle for Cultural BettermentIntroducing Three Missionaries for Dutch CultureConclusion11 Stamverwantschap Imagined through Language and LiteratureIntroductionLanguage as the Conduit for Expansion of National Identity‘A Message to the Dutch People’Mixed Messages from the StamverwantenWhat Dutch Adults Were ReadingCor Pama CollectionAdult Fiction and PoetryBitterness and AccusationsStories for ChildrenDutch Caricatures and CartoonsRomance and HeroismPoetry, Literary Criticism and the Boer as SymbolMyth or an Artistic Reaction to Reality?ConclusionConclusionBibliographyIndex