Compendium of Hydrogen Energy

Angelo Basile, a Chemical Engineer with a Ph.D. in Technical Physics, was a senior Researcher at the ITM-CNR as a responsible for the research related to both ultra-pure hydrogen production and CO2 capture using Pd-based Membrane Reactors. He is a reviewer for 165 int. journals, an editor/author of more than 50 scientific books and 140 chapters on international books on membrane science and technology; with various patens (7 Italian, 2 European, and 1 worldwide). He is a referee of 1more than 150 international scientific journals and a Member of the Editorial Board of more than 20 of them. Basile is also an associate editor of the: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy; Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Eng.; journal Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology; and co-Editor-in-chief of the Int. J. Membrane Science & Technol. Dr. Veziroglu, a native of Turkey, graduated from the City and Guilds College, the Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, with degrees in Mechanical Engineering (A.C.G.I., B.Sc.), Advanced Studies in Engineering (D.I.C.) and Heat Transfer (Ph.D.).In 1962 – after doing his military service in the Ordnance Section, serving in some Turkish government agencies and heading a private company – Dr. Veziroglu joined the University of Miami Engineering Faculty. In 1965, he became the Director of Graduate Studies and initiated the first Ph.D. Program in the School of Engineering and Architecture. He served as Chairman of the Department of Mechanical Engineering 1971 through 1975, in 1973 established the Clean Energy Research Institute, and was the Associate Dean for Research 1975 through 1979. He took a three years Leave of Absence (2004 through 2007) and founded UNIDO-ICHET (United Nations Industrial Development Organization – International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies) in Istanbul, Turkey. On 15 May 2009, he attained the status of Professor Emeritus at the University of Miami.Dr. Veziroglu organized the first major conference on Hydrogen Energy: The Hydrogen Economy Miami Energy (THEME) Conference, Miami Beach, 18-20 March 1974. At the opening of this conference, Dr. Veziroglu proposed the Hydrogen Energy System as a permanent solution for the depletion of the fossil fuels and the environmental problems caused by their utilization. Soon after, the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) was established, and Dr. Veziroglu was elected president. As President of IAHE, in 1976 he initiated the biennial World Hydrogen Energy Conferences (WHECs), and in 2005 the biennial World Hydrogen Technologies Conventions (WHTCs).In 1976, Dr. Veziroglu started publication of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (IJHE) as its Founding Editor-in-Chief, in order to publish and disseminate Hydrogen Energy related research and development results from around the world. IJHE has continuously grew; now it publishes twenty-four issues a year. He has published some 350 papers and scientific reports, edited 160 volumes of books and proceedings, and has co-authored the book “Solar Hydrogen Energy: The Power to Save the Earth”.Dr. Veziroglu has memberships in eighteen scientific organizations, has been elected to the Grade of Fellow in the British Institution of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and is the Founding President of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy.Dr. Veziroglu has been the recipient of several international awards. He was presented the Turkish Presidential Science Award in 1974, made an Honorary Professor in Xian Jiaotong University of China in 1981, awarded the I. V. Kurchatov Medal by the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy of U.S.S.R. in 1982, the Energy for Mankind Award by the Global Energy Society in 1986, and elected to the Argentinean Academy of Sciences in 1988. In 2000, he was nominated for Nobel Prize in Economics, for conceiving the Hydrogen Economy and striving towards its establishment.

• List of contributorsPart One: Hydrogen applications in transport and industry 1: Hydrogen-fueled road automobiles – Passenger cars and buses Abstract1.1 Introduction1.2 Comparison of different hydrogen-fueled drive systems1.3 Technical solutions for FCEVs1.4 Technical approaches for the main components of FCEVs1.5 Challenges for FCEVs – Consideration of main markets1.6 Summary and future trends1.7 Sources of further information and advice2: Hydrogen-fueled motorcycles, bicycles, and industrial trucks Abstract2.1 Introduction2.2 Hydrogen motorcycles and bicycles2.3 Hydrogen industrial trucks2.4 Conclusions3: Hydrogen-fueled marine transportation Abstract3.1 Market environment3.2 Requirements for marine FCs3.3 Suitable FC systems3.4 FC integration in ships3.5 Marine FC projects3.6 Future trends4: Hydrogen-fueled aeroplanes Abstract4.1 Introduction to hydrogen vs. traditional technologies: Differences and similarities, advantages, and disadvantages4.2 Hydrogen fuel on aircraft—Challenges and requirements4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen storage methods in aeronautics4.4 Available energy conversion technologies4.5 Available infrastructure (production, airport)4.6 Operational aspects (turn around)4.7 Safety aspects (layout, design, and strategy)4.8 Safety strategy4.9 Certification aspects4.10 Environmental and economic aspects and public acceptance4.11 Future trends4.12 Summary5: Hydrogen-fueled spacecraft and other space applications of hydrogen Abstract5.1 Introduction: The potential of hydrogen-powered spacecraft5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen-fueled spacecraft5.3 Principles: Suitable hydrogen power sources for spacecraft5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the power sources5.5 Challenges for hydrogen-fueled spacecraft5.6 Other space applications of hydrogen5.7 Market trends5.8 Hydrogen storage in spacecraft5.9 Advantages and disadvantages of the various potential storage methods5.10 Safety concerns regarding the storage of hydrogen in these vehicles5.11 Future trendsPart Two: Other applications of hydrogen 6: Hydrogen fuel cells for portable applications AbstractAcknowledgments6.1 Introduction6.2 Drawbacks of hydrogen fuel cells regarding application in portable devices6.3 Present status6.4 Market penetration6.5 Future perspectives and conclusion7: Large-scale underground storage of hydrogen for the grid integration of renewable energy and other applications Abstract7.1 Hydrogen and the need for energy storage in Europe7.2 Markets for hydrogen7.3 Technology for large-scale hydrogen storage7.4 Potential for hydrogen underground storage7.5 Hydrogen storage economics in energy systems with increasing share of intermittent renewable energy7.6 State-of-discussion and development perspectives8: Hydrogen admixture to the natural gas grid AbstractAcknowledgments8.1 Introduction8.2 Reasons for adding hydrogen to the natural gas grid8.3 Potential benefits and problems associated with adding hydrogen to the natural gas grid8.4 State of the art8.5 The bottlenecks—Considering a 10 vol% admixture8.6 R&D necessary to overcome the bottlenecks8.7 Additional requirements8.8 Key technologies8.9 Future trends: The methanation option8.10 Economic considerations8.11 Regulatory issues8.12 Practical recommendations for hydrogen injection8.13 Conclusions8.14 Sources of further informationRecommended further readingPart Three: Hydrogen safety 9: Hydrogen safety: An overview Abstract9.1 Introduction9.2 Properties of hydrogen and their implications for safety9.3 Hazards of hydrogen9.4 Management for accident prevention9.5 Future trends9.6 Conclusions9.7 Sources of further information10: Hydrogen sensors and detectors Abstract10.1 Introduction10.2 Terms and definitions10.3 Requirements of hydrogen sensors and detectors10.4 Current hydrogen sensors and detectors on the market: Technologies and operation principles10.5 Current research and development in hydrogen sensors and detectors10.6 Detection layout and maintenance of detectors10.7 Conclusions10.8 Sources of further informationPart Four: The hydrogen economy 11: The hydrogen economy—Vision or reality? AbstractAcknowledgments11.1 Setting the context—The global energy challenge11.2 Options for the road transport sector11.3 A short history of hydrogen11.4 The status of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles11.5 Building a hydrogen delivery infrastructure for the transport sector11.6 The hydrogen infrastructure challenge and how to overcome it11.7 The role of hydrogen for renewables’ integration11.8 Perspectives and outlook12: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in the EU Abstract12.1 Introduction: which hydrogen infrastructure(s) is/are required?12.2 Current status of hydrogen infrastructure12.3 Costs for setting up the hydrogen infrastructure12.4 Status and outlook of EU hydrogen infrastructure initiatives12.5 Moving toward full deployment12.6 Conclusions13: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in the United States Abstract13.1 Introduction13.2 Current status of hydrogen infrastructure in the United States13.3 Initial costs of deploying hydrogen infrastructure13.4 Market trends13.5 Hydrogen refueling infrastructure13.6 Hydrogen production, transmission, and distribution13.7 Hydrogen transmission and distribution barriers13.8 Material14: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in Japan Abstract14.1 Introduction14.2 The new strategic energy plan (Strategic Energy Plan, 2014)14.3 Strategic Road Map For Hydrogen and FCs (Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen et al., 2014)14.4 Off-site (centralized) versus on-site (distributed) hydrogen production14.5 Novel hydrogen production methods14.6 Hydrogen distribution and storage14.7 Initial current cost of hydrogen stations14.8 Residential use FC system (The Japan Gas Association, n.d.)14.9 FC vehicle14.10 Current situation in Japan as regards hydrogen infrastructure14.11 Conclusions15: Environmental impacts of hydrogen use in vehicles Abstract15.1 Introduction15.2 Environmental assessment15.3 Reference systems15.4 Results and discussion15.5 Final considerationsIndex