Compendium of Hydrogen Energy

Dr. Ram Gupta is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at Pittsburg State University. He is the Director of Research at the National Institute for Materials Advancement (NIMA). Dr. Gupta has been recently named by Stanford University as being among the top 2% of research scientists worldwide. Before joining Pittsburg State University, he worked as an Assistant Research Professor at Missouri State University, Springfield, MO then as a Senior Research Scientist at North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC. Dr. Gupta’s research spans a range of subjects critical to current and future societal needs including: semiconducting materials & devices, biopolymers, flame-retardant polymers, green energy production & storage using nanostructured materials & conducting polymers, electrocatalysts, optoelectronics & photovoltaics devices, organic-inorganic heterojunctions for sensors, nanomagnetism, biocompatible nanofibers for tissue regeneration, scaffold & antibacterial applications, and bio-degradable metallic implants. Angelo Basile, a Chemical Engineer with a Ph.D. in Technical Physics, was a senior Researcher at the ITM-CNR as a responsible for the research related to both ultra-pure hydrogen production and CO2 capture using Pd-based Membrane Reactors. He is a reviewer for 165 int. journals, an editor/author of more than 50 scientific books and 140 chapters on international books on membrane science and technology; with various patens (7 Italian, 2 European, and 1 worldwide). He is a referee of 1more than 150 international scientific journals and a Member of the Editorial Board of more than 20 of them. Basile is also an associate editor of the: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy; Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Eng.; journal Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology; and co-Editor-in-chief of the Int. J. Membrane Science & Technol. Dr. Veziroglu, a native of Turkey, graduated from the City and Guilds College, the Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, with degrees in Mechanical Engineering (A.C.G.I., B.Sc.), Advanced Studies in Engineering (D.I.C.) and Heat Transfer (Ph.D.).In 1962 – after doing his military service in the Ordnance Section, serving in some Turkish government agencies and heading a private company – Dr. Veziroglu joined the University of Miami Engineering Faculty. In 1965, he became the Director of Graduate Studies and initiated the first Ph.D. Program in the School of Engineering and Architecture. He served as Chairman of the Department of Mechanical Engineering 1971 through 1975, in 1973 established the Clean Energy Research Institute, and was the Associate Dean for Research 1975 through 1979. He took a three years Leave of Absence (2004 through 2007) and founded UNIDO-ICHET (United Nations Industrial Development Organization – International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies) in Istanbul, Turkey. On 15 May 2009, he attained the status of Professor Emeritus at the University of Miami.Dr. Veziroglu organized the first major conference on Hydrogen Energy: The Hydrogen Economy Miami Energy (THEME) Conference, Miami Beach, 18-20 March 1974. At the opening of this conference, Dr. Veziroglu proposed the Hydrogen Energy System as a permanent solution for the depletion of the fossil fuels and the environmental problems caused by their utilization. Soon after, the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) was established, and Dr. Veziroglu was elected president. As President of IAHE, in 1976 he initiated the biennial World Hydrogen Energy Conferences (WHECs), and in 2005 the biennial World Hydrogen Technologies Conventions (WHTCs).In 1976, Dr. Veziroglu started publication of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (IJHE) as its Founding Editor-in-Chief, in order to publish and disseminate Hydrogen Energy related research and development results from around the world. IJHE has continuously grew; now it publishes twenty-four issues a year. He has published some 350 papers and scientific reports, edited 160 volumes of books and proceedings, and has co-authored the book “Solar Hydrogen Energy: The Power to Save the Earth”.Dr. Veziroglu has memberships in eighteen scientific organizations, has been elected to the Grade of Fellow in the British Institution of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and is the Founding President of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy.Dr. Veziroglu has been the recipient of several international awards. He was presented the Turkish Presidential Science Award in 1974, made an Honorary Professor in Xian Jiaotong University of China in 1981, awarded the I. V. Kurchatov Medal by the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy of U.S.S.R. in 1982, the Energy for Mankind Award by the Global Energy Society in 1986, and elected to the Argentinean Academy of Sciences in 1988. In 2000, he was nominated for Nobel Prize in Economics, for conceiving the Hydrogen Economy and striving towards its establishment.

• List of contributorsPart One: Hydrogen storage in pure form 1: Introduction to hydrogen storage Abstract1.1 Introduction1.2 Physical storage1.3 Material-based hydrogen storage2: Hydrogen liquefaction and liquid hydrogen storage AbstractAcknowledgments2.1 Introduction: Why liquefying hydrogen?2.2 Basics of cryogenic liquefaction2.3 Hydrogen thermodynamic properties at ambient and low temperatures2.4 Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction and storage2.5 Advantages and disadvantages2.6 Current uses of liquid hydrogen2.7 Sources of further information and advice3: Slush hydrogen production, storage, and transportation Abstract3.1 Introduction: What is slush hydrogen?3.2 Hydrogen energy system using slush hydrogen3.3 Thermophysical properties of slush hydrogen3.4 Process of producing and storing slush hydrogen3.5 Density and mass flow meters for slush hydrogen3.6 Advantages and disadvantages of transporting slush hydrogen via pipeline3.7 Uses of stored slush and liquid hydrogen3.8 Conclusions3.9 Future trends3.10 Sources of future information and adviceAppendix A ProductionAppendix B Flow and heat transferAppendix C Measurement instrumentation4: Underground and pipeline hydrogen storage AbstractAcknowledgments4.1 Underground hydrogen storage as an element of energy cycle4.2 Scientific problems related to UHS4.3 Biochemical transformations of underground hydrogen4.4 Hydrodynamic losses of H2 in UHS4.5 Other problems4.6 Pipeline storage of hydrogenPart Two: Physical and chemical storage of hydrogen 5: Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage AbstractAcknowledgments5.1 Introduction5.2 Thermodynamics and kinetics of cryo-compressed hydrogen storage5.3 Performance of onboard storage system5.4 Well-to-tank efficiency5.5 Assessment of cryo-compressed hydrogen storage and outlook6: Adsorption of hydrogen on carbon nanostructure Abstract6.1 Introduction6.2 General considerations for physisorption of hydrogen on carbon nanostructures6.3 Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes6.4 Activated carbons6.5 Layered graphene nanostructures6.6 Zeolite-templated carbons6.7 Conclusion7: Metal–organic frameworks for hydrogen storage Abstract7.1 Introduction7.2 Synthetic considerations7.3 Cryo-temperature hydrogen storage at low and high pressures7.4 Room temperature hydrogen storage at high pressure7.5 Nanoconfinement of chemical hydrides in MOFs7.6 Conclusions and future trends8: Other methods for the physical storage of hydrogen Abstract8.1 Introduction8.2 Storage of compressed hydrogen in glass microcontainers8.3 Hydrogen physisorption in porous materials8.4 Hydrogen hydrate clathrates8.5 Conclusions and outlook9: Use of carbohydrates for hydrogen storage Abstract9.1 Introduction9.2 Converting carbohydrates to hydrogen by SyPaB9.3 Challenges of carbohydrates as hydrogen storage and respective solutions9.4 Future carbohydrate-to-hydrogen systems9.5 Conclusions9.6 Sources of future information and advice10: Conceptual density functional theory (DFT) approach to all-metal aromaticity and hydrogen storage AbstractAcknowledgments10.1 Introduction10.2 Background of conceptual DFT10.3 All-metal aromaticity10.4 Role of aromaticity in hydrogen storage10.5 Case studies of possible hydrogen-storage materials with the aid of CDFT10.6 Future trendsPart Three: Hydrogen distribution and infrastructure 11: Introduction to hydrogen transportation Abstract11.1 Introduction11.2 Overview of methods for hydrogen transportation11.3 Difficulties involved with the transportation of hydrogen11.4 Future trends11.5 Sources of further information and advice12: Hydrogen transportation by pipelines Abstract12.1 Introduction12.2 Current hydrogen pipelines12.3 Principles of transportation of hydrogen12.4 Gas transportation principles12.5 Pipeline transportation of hydrogen gas12.6 Conclusion12.7 Future trends12.8 Further reading13: Progress in hydrogen energy infrastructure development—addressing technical and institutional barriers AbstractAcknowledgments13.1 Introduction13.2 Recent progress in hydrogen infrastructure in the United States13.3 Recent progress in hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell vehicle and fuel cell bus demonstrations in China13.4 Conclusions14: Designing optimal infrastructures for delivering hydrogen to consumers AbstractAcknowledgments14.1 Introduction14.2 Building blocks of hydrogen infrastructure14.3 Review of hydrogen infrastructure models14.4 Case study: Decarbonizing UK transport demand with hydrogen vehicles14.5 Results14.6 ConclusionsAppendix15: Investment in the infrastructure for hydrogen passenger cars—New hype or reality? Abstract15.1 Introduction15.2 Uncertainties surrounding the investment in hydrogen infrastructure15.3 Implementation of the early infrastructure: case studies15.4 Future trends15.5 Conclusions15.6 Sources of further information and adviceIndex