Communities for Clean Energy Justice and Equity in Grid Modernization

Mohammadreza Daneshvar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Multi-Carrier Energy Networks Modernization in the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Tabriz, Iran. Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, PhD, is a Professor in the School of Energy Systems, LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland. Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Energy (AAU Energy) at Aalborg University, Denmark.

• About the Editors xixList of Contributors xxiiiPreface xxix1 Energy Justice and Equity for the Sustainable Development of Modern Energy Grids 1Mohammadreza Daneshvar and Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam1.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy Justice and Equity for Sustainable Development 21.2.1 Economic Rights 31.2.2 Environmental Rights 41.2.3 Social Rights 51.3 Energy-Poverty Nexus in Energy Justice and Equity 51.4 Summary 8References 82 Importance of Energy Justice and Equity in Grid Modernization 11Reza Gharibi, Behrooz Vahidi, and Rahman Dashti2.1 Introduction 112.1.1 Motivation 112.1.2 Background 122.1.3 Contributions 142.1.4 Chapter Organization 152.2 Grid Modernization 152.2.1 Smart Grid 162.2.2 Renewable Energy Integration 182.2.3 Energy Storage System 202.2.4 Data Analytics 212.3 Energy Justice 222.3.1 Distributive Justice 232.3.2 Recognition Justice 252.3.3 Procedural Justice 262.4 Just Transition: From Environmental to Energy Justice 282.4.1 Just Transition and Environmental Movements 292.4.2 History of the Energy Justice Movement 312.5 Challenges of Transition to Energy Justice 332.6 Modernizing Energy: A Catalyst for Energy Justice 362.6.1 Democratizing Access to Energy Resources 372.6.2 Addressing Energy Poverty 372.6.3 Improvement of Environmental Justice 372.6.4 Engagement and Increased Community Empowerment 382.7 Impact of Energy Justice on Grid Modernization Aspects 392.7.1 Hardware Upgrades 392.7.2 Security Enhancements 402.7.3 Redundancy and High Availability 402.7.4 Performance Optimization 402.7.5 Monitoring and Management 412.8 Energy Justice and the Adoption of Innovative Technologies 412.9 Conclusion 43Abbreviations 44References 443 Decision-Making Tools for Advancing Clean Energy Justice and Equity with Supply Chain and Project Management 51Monica Bhatia and Pradyumn ChaturvediAcronyms 513.1 Introduction 513.1.1 Motivation 523.1.2 Background 543.1.3 Research Gap 553.1.4 Contributions 563.1.5 Objectives 573.2 Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 573.3 Types of Decision Tools 593.4 Data Collection and Assessment of Different Countries 643.5 Energy Equity and Justice of Each Renewable Energy Source in India 683.6 Role of Supply Chain Management in the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 773.7 Role of Project Management in the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 803.8 Impact of Management Program on the Clean Energy Equity and Justice 823.9 SWOT Analysis 843.10 Renewable Energy Equity and Justice Matrix 863.11 Conclusion 87Acknowledgment 88References 884 Multi-energy Community Structure for Energy Justice and Equity 91Peyman Afzali, Sahar Mobasheri, Banafsheh Alipour, Sogand Hosseinalipour, Masoud Rashidinejad, and Sobhan DorahakiNomenclature 914.1 Introduction 934.1.1 Motivation and Background 944.1.2 Challenges and Opportunities 984.1.2.1 Challenges 984.1.2.2 Opportunities 984.1.3 Contributions 994.2 Energy Communities 1004.2.1 Definition 1014.2.2 Implementation 1024.2.3 Socio-Techno-Economic-Environmental Aspects 1034.2.4 Behavior and Preference of End Users 1044.3 Multi-energy Communities 1054.3.1 Components of a Multi-career System 1084.3.2 Structure of the Multi-energy Community 1084.4 Energy Justice and Equity in Multi-energy Communities 1094.4.1 Definition of Energy Justice and Equity 1114.4.2 Energy Poverty 1134.4.3 Energy Democracy 1154.5 Clean Energy Initiatives in Multi-energy Communities 1164.5.1 Resources of Clean Energy 1164.5.2 The Integration of Renewable Energies in Energy Communities 1174.5.3 Carbon-Free Multi-energy Communities 1184.6 Problem Formulation 1204.7 Numerical Results 1264.8 Conclusion 133References 1345 Equity-Oriented Energy Allocation in Mixed and Underprivileged Communities 141Akhtar Hussain and Petr MusilekNomenclature 1415.1 Introduction 1425.2 Equitable Energy Sharing 1455.2.1 Shared Community Energy Resources 1455.3 Community Resource Allocation 1475.3.1 Resource Allocation Methods 1485.3.2 Equity in Resource Allocation 1495.3.3 Mixed Communities 1505.4 Power Sharing: Mixed Communities 1535.4.1 Benefits of Power Sharing 1535.4.2 Equity Analysis 1545.5 Advantages and Limitations 1565.5.1 Major Factors for Fairness Analysis 1565.5.2 Features of Different Cases 1565.6 Conclusions 157References 1576 Energy Justice and Equity in Developing a Fair Multi-energy Community and Environment 161Aamer Raza, Sheraz Azam Mirza, Saqib Ali, and Muzaffar AliAcronyms 1616.1 Introduction 1616.2 Axis of Energy Justice and Equity in a Multi-energy Environment 1646.2.1 Distributional Justice 1646.2.2 Procedural Justice 1726.2.3 Recognition Justice 1746.3 Principles of Energy Justice 1766.4 Factors of Fairness and Equity in Developing a Multi-Energy Community 1776.4.1 Climate Change 1776.4.2 Structural Racism 1786.4.3 Energy Prices 1786.4.4 Planning and Policy Failure 1786.4.5 Political Acumen 1786.5 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Energy Justice 1786.6 Conclusion and Future Research 180References 1817 Energy Community Operation and Planning for Energy Justice and Equity 187Homayoun Ghasemnejad, Sogand Hosseinalipour, Masoud Rashidinejad, and Sobhan DorahakiNomenclature 1877.1 Introduction 1897.2 Energy Communities: Definition, Challenges, and Opportunities 1907.2.1 Localized 1917.2.2 Scale 1917.2.3 Purpose 1927.2.4 Participants 1927.2.5 Social 1927.2.6 Technology 1937.2.7 Comprehensive Definition 1937.3 Promoting Sustainability Through Energy Communities 1947.3.1 Economic Aspect 1957.3.2 Environmental Aspect 1957.3.3 Social Aspect 1967.4 Development of Energy Sustainability with the Energy Community 1967.5 Challenges of Energy Sustainability Within Energy Communities 1967.5.1 Regulatory Challenges 1977.5.2 Technical Challenges 1977.5.3 Financial Challenges 1977.5.4 Social Challenges 1977.6 Energy Justice: Definition and Implementation 1977.7 The Role of Energy Communities in Advancing Energy Justice 1997.8 Examination of Energy Justice Within Energy Community 2007.8.1 Energy Justice Within Energy Community 2007.8.2 Energy Justice Between Energy Communities and External Institutions 2007.8.3 Energy Justice Beyond Energy Community 2007.9 Challenges to Green and Equitable Energy Society 2017.10 Proposed Framework for CEC Planning and Operation 2027.11 Numerical Study 2077.12 Conclusion 211References 2118 Energy Storage Systems for Energy Justice and Equity 217Emre Çakır, Furkan Hanilçi, and Yiğit Çağatay Kuyu8.1 Introduction 2178.2 Background 2198.3 Energy Storage System 2298.3.1 Electromagnetic Energy Storage 2308.3.2 Types of Electromagnetic Energy Storage 2378.3.2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 2378.3.2.2 Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) 2388.3.2.3 Inductive Energy Storage (IES) 2388.3.3 A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Energy Storage Systems 2398.3.3.1 Applications and Case Studies of Electromagnetic Energy Storage Systems 2438.3.4 Chemical Energy Storage Systems 2488.3.4.1 Sodium Sulfur 2488.3.4.2 Lead Acid 2498.3.4.3 Flow Batteries 2508.3.4.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) 2538.3.4.5 Fuel Cell 2598.3.5 Mechanical Energy Storage Systems (MESSs) 2628.3.5.1 Types of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems 2658.3.5.2 A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems 2788.3.5.3 Applications and Case Studies of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems (MESSs) 2808.3.6 Limitations 2828.4 Utilization of Data Science Methods 2848.4.1 Big Data Platforms 2858.4.1.1 Cloud-Based Big Data Platforms 2858.4.1.2 Scaling 2868.4.2 Most Used Big Data Analytics Algorithms 2888.4.2.1 K-Means Clustering 2898.4.2.2 Hierarchical Clustering 2898.4.2.3 Support Vector Machine 2908.4.2.4 Decision Trees 2918.4.2.5 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm 2918.5 Energy Storage and Data Analysis Applications in Energy Justice and Equality 2928.6 Conclusion 296References 2979 Energy Trading Mechanisms for Energy Justice and Equity 307Iman Rahmati and Asghar Akbari ForoudAcronyms 3079.1 Introduction 3079.2 Energy Market and Justice 3089.2.1 Energy as a Tradable Commodity 3089.2.2 Energy Justice Versus Affordability and Access to Energy 3099.2.3 How Tradability Contributes to Energy Justice? 3129.2.4 How Tradability Threatens Energy Justice? 3149.3 Markets for Energy Carriers 3149.3.1 Brief History and the Current Situation of Energy Markets 3149.3.2 Challenges of Energy Markets to Promote Energy Justice 3199.3.3 Affordability, Subsidy, and Market 3209.3.4 The Interplay Between Efficiency and Justice 3239.3.5 Market Mechanisms to Promote Energy Justice 3249.3.6 Energy Access During Crisis 3269.4 Trading Mechanisms to Support Energy Justice 3279.4.1 Energy Justice and Sustainability 3279.4.2 The Case for and Against the Coexistence of Market and Sustainability 3289.4.3 Short Review on Sustainability-driven Trading Mechanisms 3299.4.4 How Trading Mechanisms Affect Energy Justice and Equity? 3339.4.5 The Need for Amendments 3359.5 Summary 336References 33710 Peer-to-Peer Energy Communities: An Equitable Approach to Expanding Social Welfare and Energy Justice 343Mohammad Hasan Ghodusinejad, Setareh Peirov, and Hossein YousefiNomenclature 34310.1 Energy Transition and Democratization 34410.2 Peer-to-Peer Energy Communities 34810.2.1 Advent of Energy Communities 34810.2.2 Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading 34910.2.3 Regulatory of P2P Markets 35110.3 Energy Justice and P2P Energy Communities 35210.4 A Confirmatory Analytical Study 35610.4.1 Study Framework 35610.4.1.1 First Scenario: Supply From the Grid 35910.4.1.2 Second Scenario: Energy Community 35910.4.1.3 Third Scenario: P2P Energy Sharing Community 36010.4.2 Results and Discussion 36110.5 Conclusion 365References 36611 Sustainable Development of Energy Communities for Energy Justice and Equity 371Arash Rajaei, Sobhan Dorahaki, Masoud Rashidinejad, Peyman Afzali, and Mahdi Bedrood11.1 Introduction 37111.2 Foundations of Energy Justice and Equity 37311.2.1 The Conceptual Framework of Energy Justice 37311.2.2 Social Implications of Energy Practices 37511.2.3 Economic Dimensions of Energy Equity 37611.2.4 Environmental Sustainability as a Pillar of Energy Justice 37711.3 Energy Communities: Conceptual Framework 37811.3.1 Defining Energy Communities 37811.3.2 Principles of Community Engagement in Energy Development 37911.3.3 Local Governance and Decision-Making Structures 38011.3.4 Collaborative Energy Planning and Implementation 38111.4 Policy Interventions for Energy Justice 38311.4.1 Frameworks for Inclusive Policy Development 38311.4.2 Financial Mechanisms for Equitable Access 38411.4.3 Regulatory Frameworks for Community-Owned Energy Projects 38511.4.4 Energy Affordability and Inclusivity Policies 38611.4.5 Community Engagement in Policy Decision-Making 38711.4.6 Addressing Environmental Justice Through Policies 38811.5 Technological Innovations for Inclusive Energy 39011.5.1 Accessible Clean Energy Technologies 39011.5.2 Smart Grids and Energy Management Systems 39111.5.3 Decentralized Energy Storage Solutions 39211.5.4 Inclusive Technological Design and User-Centered Innovation 39311.5.5 Mobile Technologies for Energy Access 39411.6 Challenges and Opportunities of Sustainable and Equitable Energy Development 39611.6.1 Economic Barriers and Financial Accessibility 39611.6.2 Technological Accessibility and Inclusive Design 39711.6.3 Policy and Regulatory Hurdles 39911.6.4 Social and Cultural Considerations 40011.6.5 Environmental Justice and Sustainability 40111.7 Dimensions of Sustainability in Energy Justice and Equity 40311.8 Conclusion 404Acronyms 405References 40512 Electrification of Urban and Rural Areas Under Energy Justice and Equity Paradigms 409Marziyeh Razeghi, Hossein Yousefi, Amir Naseri, and Younes Noorollahi12.1 Introduction 40912.2 Energy Justice 41012.2.1 Justice 41012.2.2 Energy 41212.3 Energy Justice as a Decision-Making Tool 41412.4 Energization 41812.5 Geographical and Contextual Differences 42712.6 Comparative Analysis of Energy Justice and Equity in Rural and Urban Areas 43012.6.1 Rural Energy Justice 43012.6.2 Urban Energy Justice 43212.6.3 Factors Creating Inequality of Energy Justice in Urban and Rural Areas 43212.6.4 Comparative Viewpoints 43212.7 Conclusion 433Abbreviations 433References 43413 Social Justice in Electrical Energy Outage Management Through the Controllability Index 441Hamidreza Arasteh, Salah Bahramara, Mahyar Gholizadeh, Niki Moslemi, Zohreh Kaheh, Milad Biazar, and Miadreza Shafie-khah13.1 Introduction 44113.1.1 Aims and Motivations 44113.1.2 Research Background 44213.1.3 Research Gap and Innovations 44513.1.4 Chapter Organization 44613.2 Problem Description 44613.2.1 Main Concept 44613.2.2 Controllability Index 44713.2.3 Information Collection from Distribution Companies 44813.2.4 Problem Formulation 44813.2.5 Budget Allocation for the Installation of Automation Switches 45113.3 Numerical Analyses 45113.4 Conclusion 454Abbreviations 455References 45514 The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Energy Justice and Equity 459Nastaran Gholizadeh, Noon Hussein, and Petr MusilekAcronyms 45914.1 Introduction 45914.2 AI and the Energy Transition: Opportunities and Challenges 46114.3 Evaluating the Impact of AI Through the Lens of Energy Justice 46414.3.1 Defining the Role of AI in Advancing Energy Justice 46414.3.2 AI Design and Distributive Justice: Balancing Benefits and Burdens 46514.3.3 AI Design and Procedural Justice: Ensuring Transparency and Participation 46914.3.4 AI Design and Recognition Justice: Acknowledging Diverse Stakeholder Needs 46914.4 Transparency, Fairness, and Bias Mitigation in AI for Energy Systems 47114.4.1 Ensuring Interpretability in Transparent Decision-Making for Energy Justice 47114.4.2 Detecting and Addressing Bias in AI Models for Equity 47214.4.3 Ensuring Fair Distribution of Benefits and Costs 47314.4.4 Balancing Safety, Privacy, and Transparency in AI Applications 47414.5 Case Study: Justice-Oriented Emergency Load Shedding with RL 47514.5.1 Problem Formulation 47614.5.2 Experimental Setup and Data 47914.5.3 Results and Discussion 48014.6 Future Directions: Bridging Energy Law and AI Regulations for Policy Development and Justice-Oriented Approaches 48214.7 Conclusion 484References 48515 Artificial-Intelligence-Based Marketing Analysis for Realizing Renewable Energy Justice and Equity 493Vikas Khare and Monica BhatiaAcronyms 49315.1 Introduction 49315.2 How Can We Achieve Equitable Energy System? 49815.3 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energy Justice and Equity 50015.4 Knowledge Representation of the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 50215.4.1 Ontology Development 50215.4.2 Semantic Graph Representation 51215.5 Data Collection and Assessment 51415.5.1 Multi-regression Analysis 51615.6 AI-based Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 52115.6.1 Strengths 52115.6.2 Weaknesses 52315.6.3 Opportunities 52315.6.4 Threats 52315.7 Social Acceptance for AI Usage in Energy Systems for Energy Justice and Equity 52415.8 Conclusion 525References 52616 Artificial-Intelligence-Based Equitable Energy Investment Prioritization Analytics 529Ashkan SafariNomenclature 52916.1 Introduction 52916.2 Case Analysis: Importance of Energy Investment Prioritization Equity in USA 53216.2.1 Energy Distribution 53316.2.2 Energy Transmission 53416.2.3 Electricity Market 53416.3 Utilized Dataset: NREL Energy Investment Prioritization 53616.3.1 Population and Energy Generation Potential 53616.3.2 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) 53616.3.3 Electric Vehicle Growth and Projections 53716.3.4 Cost Savings 53716.3.5 Environmental Justice Indicators 53716.3.6 Socioeconomic Factors 53716.4 Machine Learning and Predictive Analysis in EEIP 53716.4.1 Lasso Regressor 54816.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges Ahead 55616.6 Conclusion 557References 55717 Intelligent Remedial Action Scheme Against False Data Injection Cyberattacks Targeting Energy Justice and Equity in Modern Power Systems 561Ehsan Naderi and Arash AsrariAbbreviations 56117.1 Introduction 56217.1.1 Background and Motivation 56217.1.2 Background 56317.1.2.1 Related Works on Energy Justice and Equity 56317.1.2.2 Related Works on Cyberattacks Targeting Energy Equity 56317.1.3 Research Gap and Contributions of This Chapter 56417.2 Proposed Framework 56517.3 Problem Formulation 56717.3.1 Formulation of Cyberattack Model 56717.3.2 Formulation of the Remedial Action Scheme 57017.3.3 Formulation of the Unified and Intelligent Remedial Action Scheme via Federated Learning Concept 57117.4 Case Study, Simulation Results, and Analysis 57517.4.1 Initialization 57517.4.2 Case Study 57517.4.3 Investigated Scenarios of Cyberattacks 57617.4.4 Numerical Results and Analysis 57917.4.4.1 Negative Impacts of the Launched Cyberattack on Energy Justice and Equity 57917.4.4.2 Performance of the Remedial Actions Against Such FDIAs 58117.4.5 Discussion 58317.5 Acknowledgment 58417.6 Conclusions 584References 58518 Energy Policy Strategies for Energy Justice and Equity 589Iman Rahmati and Asghar Akbari ForoudAcronyms 58918.1 Introduction 58918.2 Why Energy Justice Relies on Policy? 59018.2.1 Energy as a Critical Factor in Social Welfare and Development 59018.2.2 Role of Policy in Energy Consumption Habit 59018.3 Nexus Between Policy and Energy Justice 59118.3.1 Policymakers Promise to Bring Justice 59118.3.2 Political Challenges of Energy Justice 59318.3.3 Energy Justice at the International Level 59518.4 Policies Toward Sustainability 59518.4.1 Sustainability as the Most Political Aspect of Energy Justice 59518.4.2 Sustainability as Justice Toward Next Generations 59718.4.3 Sustainability in National and International Policy and Challenges 59818.5 Survey on Policy-related Attempts 60018.5.1 Energy Justice in Policy 60018.5.2 Energy Justice in Low-income Societies 60218.5.3 Energy Justice in Developed Countries 60418.5.4 International Attempts Regarding Energy Justice 60618.6 Summary 608References 60919 Challenges of Energy Justice and Equity in Different Regions 613Iman Rahmati and Asghar Akbari ForoudAcronyms 61319.1 Introduction 61319.2 Energy Justice and Equity in Europe 61419.2.1 Key Features of Europe 61419.2.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in Europe 61519.3 Energy Justice and Equity in Africa 61619.3.1 Key Features of Africa 61619.3.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in Africa 61719.4 Energy Justice and Equity in East Asia 61819.4.1 Key Features of East Asia 61819.4.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in East Asia 62019.5 Energy Justice and Equity in Central Asia 62019.5.1 Key Features of Central Asia 62019.5.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in Central Asia 62119.6 Energy Justice and Equity in the Middle East 62219.6.1 Key Features of the Middle East 62219.6.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in the Middle East 62219.7 Energy Justice and Equity in South America 62419.7.1 Key Features of South America 62419.7.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in South America 62519.8 Energy Justice and Equity in North America 62619.8.1 Key Features of North America 62619.8.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in North America 62819.9 Summary 629References 630Index 635