Jonathan Wilkenfeld is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland.Kyle Beardsley is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at Duke University.Patrick James is Dean’s Professor Emeritus of International Relations at the University of Southern California.

• ContentsList of Figures: xiList of Tables: xvAcknowledgments: xviiPreface: xixI. Introduction and Overview1. Tracking a Century of International Crisis by Kyle Beardsley, Patrick James, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld: 32. Historical and Emerging Trends in International Crisis Behavior by Kyle Beardsley and Jonathan Wilkenfeld: 24Summary of Section I by Patrick James: 52II. The State of the Field— IIa. System Level3. Alliances, Coalitions, and International Crisis by Daina Chiba and Yuan Zhuang: 614. Forced Migration Crises: A Rising Danger in World Politics by Hemda Ben-Yehuda and Rami Goldstein: 84IIb. Dyadic Level: 1075. Economic Interdependence and International Crises by Yuleng Zeng and Ali Isgandarov: 1096. Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence in International Crises by Kyungwon Suh: 1257. Protracted Conflict and Crisis Escalation by Luba Levin-Banchik: 149IIc. State Level: 1738. Diversionary Theory and Crises in World Politics by Emizet F. Kisangani and Jeffrey Pickering: 1759. Crisis Type Matters: Implications for Ethnicity and the Democratic Peace by Meirav Mishali-Ram and Hemda Ben-Yehuda: 19510. Leaders, Regime Type, and International Crises by Yi Edward Yang and Jonathan Keller: 213Summary of Section II by Patrick James: 226III. New Findings— IIIa. System Level: 23111. Civil Wars and the Clustering and Contagion of International Crises by Mehmet Erdem Arslan and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch: 23312. A Review of International Organizations and International Crises by Yun Jung Yang and Zorzeta Bakaki: 251IIIb. Dyadic Level: 27313. Near Crisis Dynamics in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons by Edward Gonzalez, Miriam Barnum, and Patrick James: 27514. Cultural Influences on Mediation in International Crises by Molly Inman: 29415. Mediation Styles and Crises Recurrence by Constantin Ruhe: 319IIIc. State Level: 34316. Exogenous Factors and the Bargaining Process in International Crises by Vesna Danilovic and Joe Clare: 34517. What Is Escalation? Measuring Crisis Dynamics in International Relations with Human- and LLM-Generated Event Data by Rex W. Douglass, Erik Gartzke, Jon R. Lindsay, J. Andrés Gannon, and Thomas Leo Scherer: 37218. Escalation Management in Gray Zone International Crises by Jonathan Wilkenfeld and Egle E. Murauskaite: 39519. Deterrence in the Early Stages of Crisis by Kyle Beardsley, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Phuong Pham, Corinne DeFrancisci, Diana Partridge, and Megan Rutter: 418Summary of Section III by Patrick James: 441IV. Summing Up and Moving Forward: 44720. A Systemist Mapping of a Century of Crisis by Patrick James: 449References: 463Contributors: 519Index: 525

“A Century of International Crisis Behavior extends the rich International Crisis Behavior (ICB) dataset for the academic and policy communities, using core variables and adding new cases. There are very few projects that have sustained data collection for more than forty years. The quality of the editors and of their data collection is the gold standard in international conflict, crisis, and war.”