Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Philip I. Aaronson, BA, PhD is Reader in Pharmacology and Therapeutics at King's College, London.Jeremy P. T. Ward, BSc, PhD, FPhysiol is Emeritus Professor of Physiology at King's College, London.Michelle J. Connolly, BSc, MBBS, PhD, MRCP is a ST6 Interventional Cardiology Fellow, St George’s Hospital, London.

• Preface viiRecommended reading viiiSources of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xList of abbreviations xiAbout the companion website xiiiIntroduction 11 Overview of the cardiovascular system 2Anatomy and histology 52 Gross anatomy and histology of the heart 63 Vascular anatomy 84 Vascular histology and smooth muscle cell ultrastructure 10Blood and body fluids 135 Constituents of blood 146 Erythropoiesis, haemoglobin and anaemia 167 Haemostasis 188 Thrombosis and anticoagulants 209 Blood groups and transfusions 22Cellular physiology 2510 Membrane potential, ion channels and pumps 2611 Electrophysiology of cardiac muscle and origin of the heartbeat 2812 Cardiac muscle excitation–contraction coupling 3013 Electrical conduction system in the heart 3214 The electrocardiogram 3415 Vascular smooth muscle excitation–contraction coupling 36Form and function 3916 Cardiac cycle 4017 Control of cardiac output 4218 Haemodynamics 4419 Blood pressure and flow in the arteries and arterioles 4620 The microcirculation and lymphatic system and diapedesis 4821 Fluid filtration in the microcirculation 5022 The venous system 5223 Local control of blood flow 5424 Regulation of the vasculature by the endothelium 5625 The pulmonary, skeletal muscle and fetal circulations 5826 The coronary, cutaneous and cerebral circulations 60Integration and regulation 6327 Cardiovascular reflexes 6428 Autonomic control of the cardiovascular system 6629 The control of blood volume 6830 Cardiovascular effects of exercise 7031 Shock and haemorrhage 72History, examination and investigations 7532 History and examination of the cardiovascular system 7633 Cardiac imaging 78Pathology and therapeutics 8134 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease 8235 β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and Ca2+ channel blockers 8436 Hyperlipidaemias 8637 Atherosclerosis 8838 Mechanisms of primary hypertension 9039 Treatment of hypertension 9240 Stable, microvascular, and vasospastic angina 9441 Pharmacological management of stable, microvascular and vasospastic angina 9642 Non‐ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE‐ACS) 9843 Coronary revascularisation 10044 Pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction 10245 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 10446 Heart failure 10647 Treatment of chronic heart failure 10848 Mechanisms of tachyarrhythmia 11249 Atrial fibrillation 11450 Other supraventricular arrhythmias 11851 Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and their non‐pharmacological management 12052 Pharmacological treatment of tachyarrhythmias 12253 Conduction system abnormalities and pacing 12454 Diseases of the aortic valve 12655 Diseases of the mitral valve 12856 Congenital heart disease 13057 Cardiomyopathies and channelopathies 13258 Pulmonary hypertension 13459 Stroke 136Index 139