Cardiovascular Physiology

Mosby Physiology Monograph Series

Häftad, Engelska, 2019

Av Achilles J. Pappano, Withrow Gil Wier, CT) Pappano, Achilles J. (Professor; Department of Pharmacology and Calhoun Cardiology Center; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington, Maryland) Wier, Withrow Gil (Professor, University of MD Baltimore, Dept. of Physiology, Baltimore

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Gain a foundational understanding of cardiovascular physiology and how the cardiovascular system functions in health and disease. Cardiovascular Physiology, a volume in the Mosby Physiology Series, explains the fundamentals of this complex subject in a clear and concise manner, while helping you bridge the gap between normal function and disease with pathophysiology content throughout the book.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2019-01-10
Mått191 x 235 x 14 mm
Vikt630 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
SerieMosby's Physiology Monograph
Antal sidor300
Upplaga11
FörlagElsevier Health Sciences
ISBN9780323594844

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Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE CIRCULATION AND BLOODThe Circulatory SystemBloodErythrocytesLeukocytesLymphocytesPlateletsBlood Is Divided into Groups by Antigens Located on ErythrocytesSummaryCase 1-1Chapter 2 EXCITATION: THE CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIALCardiac Action Potentials Consist of Several PhasesThe Principal Types of Cardiac Action Potentials Are the Slow and Fast TypesIonic Basis of the Resting PotentialThe Fast Response Depends Mainly on Voltage-Dependent Sodium ChannelsIonic Basis of the Slow ResponseConduction in Cardiac Fibers Depends on Local Circuit CurrentsConduction of the Fast ResponseConduction of the Slow ResponseCardiac Excitability Depends on the Activation and Inactivation of Specific CurrentsFast ResponseSlow ResponseEffects of Cycle LengthSummaryCase 2-1Chapter 3 AUTOMATICITY: NATURAL EXCITATION OF THE HEARTThe Heart Generates Its Own Pacemaking ActivitySinoatrial NodeIonic Basis of AutomaticityOverdrive SuppressionAtrial ConductionAtrioventricular ConductionVentricular ConductionAn Impulse Can Travel Around a Reentry LoopAfterdepolarizations Lead to Triggered ActivityEarly AfterdepolarizationsDelayed AfterdepolarizationsElectrocardiography Displays the Spread of Cardiac ExcitationScalar ElectrocardiographyDysrhythmias Occur Frequently and Constitute Important Clinical ProblemsAltered Sinoatrial RhythmsAtrioventricular Transmission BlocksPremature DepolarizationsEctopic TachycardiasFibrillationSummaryCase 3-1Chapter 4 THE CARDIAC PUMPThe Microscopic and Gross Structures of the Heart Cardiac Muscle (myocardial) Cell MorphologyStructure of the Heart: Atria, Ventricles, and ValvesThe Force of Cardiac Contraction Is Determined by Excitation-Contraction Coupling and the Initial Sarcomere Length of the Myocardial CellsExcitation-Contraction Coupling Is Mediated by CalciumMechanics of Cardiac MuscleThe Sequential Contraction and Relaxation of the Atria and Ventricles Constitute the Cardiac CycleVentricular SystoleEchocardiography Reveals Movement of the Ventricular Walls and of the ValvesThe Two Major Heart Sounds Are Produced Mainly by Closure of the Cardiac ValvesThe Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Intact HeartPassive or Diastolic Pressure-Volume RelationshipActive or End-Systolic Pressure-Volume RelationshipPressure and Volume during the Cardiac Cycle: The P-V LoopPreload and Afterload during the Cardiac CycleContractilityThe Fick Principle Is Used to Determine Cardiac OutputMetabolism of ATP and its Relation to Mechanical FunctionFatty Acid MetabolismCarbohydrate MetabolismInterrelation between Fatty Acid and Carbohydrate MetabolismEffects of plasma substrate and insulin levelsCardiac O2 Consumption and the Link between Ventricular Function and Cardiac MetabolismSummaryCase 4-1Chapter 5 REGULATION OF THE HEARTBEATHeart Rate is Controlled Mainly by the Autonomic NervesParasympathetic PathwaysSympathetic PathwaysHigher Centers Also Influence Cardiac PerformanceHeart Rate Can Be Regulated via the Baroreceptor ReflexThe Bainbridge Reflex and Atrial Receptors Regulate Heart RateRespiration Induces a Common Cardiac DysrhythmiaActivation of the Chemoreceptor Reflex Affects Heart RateVentricular Receptor Reflexes Play a Minor Role in the Regulation of Heart RateMyocardial Performance Is Regulated by?Intrinsic MechanismsThe Frank-Starling Mechanism Is an Important Regulator of Myocardial Contraction ForceChanges in Heart Rate Affect Contractile ForceMyocardial Performance Is Regulated by Nervous and Humoral FactorsNervous ControlCardiac Performance Is Also Regulated by Hormonal SubstancesSummaryCase 5-1Chapter 6 HEMODYNAMICSVelocity of the Bloodstream Depends on Blood Flow and Vascular AreaBlood Flow Depends on the Pressure GradientRelationship Between Pressure and Flow Depends on the Characteristics of the ConduitsResistance to FlowResistances in Series and in ParallelFlow May Be Laminar or TurbulentShear Stress on the Vessel WallRheologic Properties of BloodSummaryCase 6-1Chapter 7 THE ARTERIAL SYSTEMThe Hydraulic Filter Converts Pulsatile Flow to Steady FlowArterial Elasticity Compensates for the Intermittent Flow Delivered by the HeartThe Arterial Blood Pressure Is Determined by Physical and Physiological FactorsMean Arterial PressureCardiac OutputPeripheral ResistancePulse PressureStroke VolumeArterial ComplianceTotal Peripheral Resistance and Arterial Diastolic PressureThe Pressure Curves Change in Arteries at Different Distances from the HeartBlood Pressure Is Measured by a Sphygmomanometer in Human PatientsSummaryCase 7-1Chapter 8 The MICROCIRCULATION AND LYMPHATICSFunctional AnatomyArterioles Are the Stopcocks of the CirculationCapillaries Permit the Exchange of Water, Solutes, and GasesThe Law of Laplace Explains How Capillaries Can Withstand High Intravascular PressuresThe Endothelium Plays an Active Role in Regulating the MicrocirculationThe Endothelium is at the Center of Flow-Initiated MechanotransductionThe Endothelium Plays a Passive Role in Transcapillary ExchangeDiffusion Is the Most Important Means of Water and Solute Transfer Across the EndotheliumDiffusion of Lipid-Insoluble Molecules Is Restricted to the PoresLipid-Soluble Molecules Pass Directly Through the Lipid Membranes of the Endothelium and the PoresCapillary Filtration Is Regulated by the Hydrostatic and Osmotic Forces Across the EndotheliumBalance of Hydrostatic and Osmotic ForcesThe Capillary Filtration Coefficient Provides a Method to Estimate the Rate of Fluid Movement Across the EndotheliumHypoxia-inducible factor(s) and angiogenesisPinocytosis Enables Large Molecules to Cross the EndotheliumThe Lymphatics Return the Fluid and Solutes That Escape Through the Endothelium to the Circulating BloodSummaryCase 8-1Case 8-2Chapter 9 The PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION AND ITS CONTROLThe Functions of the Heart and Large Blood VesselsContraction and Relaxation of Arteriolar Vascular Smooth Muscle Regulate Peripheral Blood FlowCytoplasmic Ca++ Is Regulated to Control Contraction, via MLCKContraction Is Controlled by Excitation-Contraction Coupling and/or Pharmacomechanical CouplingControl of Vascular Tone by CatecholaminesControl of Vascular Contraction by Other Hormones, Other Neurotransmitters, and AutocoidsIntrinsic Control of Peripheral Blood FlowAutoregulation and the Myogenic Mechanism Tend to Keep Blood Flow ConstantThe Endothelium Actively Regulates Blood FlowTissue Metabolic Activity Is the Main Factor in the Local Regulation of Blood FlowExtrinsic Control of Peripheral Blood Flow Is Mediated Mainly by the Sympathetic Nervous SystemImpulses That Arise in the Medulla Descend in the Sympathetic Nerves to Increase Vascular ResistanceSympathetic Nerves Regulate the Contractile State of the Resistance and Capacitance VesselsThe Parasympathetic Nervous System Innervates Blood Vessels Only in the Cranial and Sacral Regions of the BodyEpinephrine and Norepinephrine Are the Main Humoral Factors That Affect Vascular ResistanceThe Vascular Reflexes Are Responsible for Rapid Adjustments of Blood PressureThe Peripheral Chemoreceptors Are Stimulated by Decreases in Blood Oxygen Tension and pH and by Increases in Carbon Dioxide TensionThe Central Chemoreceptors Are Sensitive to Changes in Paco2Other Vascular ReflexesBalance Between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors in Regulation of Peripheral Blood FlowSummaryCase 9-1Chapter 10 CONTROL OF CARDIAC OUTPUT: COUPLING OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELSFactors Controlling Cardiac OutputThe Cardiac Function Curve Relates Central Venous Pressure (Preload) to Cardiac OutputPreload or Filling Pressure of the HeartCardiac Function CurveFactors That Change the Cardiac Function CurveThe Vascular Function Curve Relates Central Venous Pressure to Cardiac OutputMathematical Analysis of the Vascular Function CurveVenous Pressure Depends on Cardiac OutputBlood VolumeVenomotor ToneBlood ReservoirsPeripheral ResistanceCardiac Output and Venous Return Are Closely AssociatedThe Heart and Vasculature Are Coupled FunctionallyMyocardial ContractilityBlood VolumePeripheral ResistanceThe Right Ventricle Regulates Not Only Pulmonary Blood Flow but Also Central Venous PressureHeart Rate Has Ambivalent Effects on Cardiac OutputAncillary Factors Affect the Venous System and Cardiac OutputGravityMuscular Activity and Venous ValvesRespiratory ActivityArtificial RespirationSummaryCase 10-1Chapter 11 CORONARY CIRCULATIONFunctional Anatomy of the Coronary VesselsCoronary Blood Flow Is Regulated by Physical, Neural, and Metabolic FactorsPhysical FactorsNeural and Neurohumoral FactorsMetabolic FactorsDiminished Coronary Blood Flow Impairs Cardiac FunctionEnergy Substrate Metabolism During IschemiaCoronary Collateral Vessels Develop in Response to Impairment of Coronary Blood FlowSummaryCase 11-1Chapter 12 SPECIAL CIRCULATIONSCutaneous CirculationSkin Blood Flow Is Regulated Mainly by the Sympathetic Nervous SystemAmbient Temperature and Body Temperature Play Important Roles in the Regulation of Skin Blood FlowSkin Color Depends on the Volume and Flow of Blood in the Skin and on the Amount of O2 Bound to HemoglobinSkeletal Muscle CirculationRegulation of Skeletal Muscle CirculationCerebral CirculationLocal Factors Predominate in the Regulation of Cerebral Blood FlowThe Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations Are in Series with Each OtherFunctional AnatomyPulmonary HemodynamicsRegulation of the Pulmonary CirculationThe Renal Circulation Affects the Cardiac OutputAnatomyRenal HemodynamicsThe Renal Circulation Is Regulated by Intrinsic MechanismsThe Splanchnic Circulation Provides Blood Flow to the Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, Spleen, and PancreasIntestinal CirculationHepatic CirculationFetal CirculationChanges in the Circulatory System at BirthSummaryCase 12-1Case 12-2Case 12-3Chapter 13 INTERPLAY OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL FACTORS THAT CONTROL THE CIRCULATIONExerciseMild to Moderate ExerciseSevere ExercisePostexercise RecoveryLimits of Exercise PerformancePhysical Training and ConditioningHemorrhageHemorrhage Evokes Compensatory and Decompensatory Effects on the Arterial Blood PressureThe Compensatory Mechanisms Are Neural and HumoralThe Decompensatory Mechanisms Are Mainly Humoral, Cardiac, and HematologicThe Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms InteractSummaryCase 13-1Case 13-2Appendix A: End-of-Chapter CASE STUDY ANSWERSAppendix B: Comprehensive Examination