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Though neither king nor priest, Spanish dictator Francisco Franco nevertheless conceptualized his right to sovereignty around a political theology in which national identity resembled a sacred cult. Using Franco’s Spain and la EspaÑa sagrada as a counterpoint to European secularity’s own development, By the Grace of God is the first sustained analysis within Spanish cultural studies of the sacred as a political category and a tool for political organization.William Viestenz shows how imagining national identity as a sacred absolute within a pluralistic, multicultural state leads to dictatorship, scapegoating, and exceptional violence. Using novels and poetry from the Catalan literary tradition and stalwarts of the Castilian canon, his analysis demonstrates that the sacred is a concept that spills over into key areas of secular political imagination.By the Grace of God offers an original theory of the sacred that challenges our understanding of twentieth-century political thought.
William Viestenz is an assistant professor of Spanish and Global Studies at the University of Minnesota.
Acknowledegments1. Introduction: La EspaÑa Sagrada as a Political CategoryFrancoist Spain, Post-Secularism, and a Sacred Politics The Sacred’s Slippage into the ProfaneThe Sacred and MetaphysicsSpain’s ‘Time of the Sacred’: Literature as a Political MatterIberian Studies: A Parallax View2. ‘He aquÍ una plenitud espaÑola’: Catholicism, Cultural Regeneration, and Spanish EssentialismPor Dios hacia el imperio: Spanish First CausesNineteenth-Century Spain: Cuando la legalidad no bastaSpanish Regenerationism: Displacing the Sacred onto the SecularCatholicism as a Social Force: 19363. Politics by Other Means: The Sacred Core of Collective ImaginingPost-War StimmungThe Scapegoat Mechanism and the Mimetic Reduction of DifferenceBeyond the Victimary Principle4. Intimate Strife: Inside Juan Goytisolo’s Sovereign ExceptionAgainst Sacred FormsConde JuliÁn’s Inclusive ExclusionHuman, All Too HumanA New Nomos of the Earth?5. The Eternal Present of Sacred Time‘In illo tempore’Numa’s Sacred WoodKilling Time: Ritual Death and the Origins of the Sacred6. ‘Desacralization’ and ‘Sacrogenesis’, or How to Step Outside of Sacred TimeSacred DialecticsLe regard d’autrui: The State’s Loving EmbraceRerouting Sacred Time: Tiempo de destrucciÓn7. Espriu’s Sepharad and the Equitable Restoration of Sacred SovereigntySacrifice and the Poetic Expulsion of SelfThe Sacred Bonds of KinshipDeath by Way of the Pen: Les horesEspriu’s kehre: El caminant i el mur&Final del laberint: Redeeming a Lost ReligiousnessRethinking Iberia: A New Temple of Sacred Communion8. Conclusion: The Aesthetic Disruption of Political TruthWorks CitedIndex