WILLIAM J. ROTHWELL is Professor of Human Resource Development in the Department of Adult Education, Instructional Systems and Workforce Education and Development in the College of Education at Pennsylvania State University./eHe also serves as Director of Penn State's Institute for Research in Training and Development. Previously, he was Assistant Vice President and Management Development Director for The Franklin Life Insurance Company and Training Director for the Illinois Office of Auditor General. He is also President of Rothwell & Associates, a private consulting firm. He is the author of numerous books.H. C. KAZANAS is Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign./e He worked for 10 years in the manufacturing industry as a machinist and production supervisor and 35 years as an educator in human resource development (HRD). He has been an HRD consultant for the U.S. Departments of Labor and Education, the U.S. Agency for International Development, Motorola and Westinghouse Corporations, The World Bank, the UN Development Program, the International Labor Office, and UNESCO. He has written or co-authored eighty articles and numerous book chapters, monographs, and books.