Biobased Composites

Anish Khan, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research at King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia. Sanjay M. Rangappa, PhD, is a research scientist at Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Academic Enhancement Department, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand. Suchart Siengchin, D.Eng, is President of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand. Abdullah M. Asiri, PhD, is Director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research and Professor in the Department of Chemistry at King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xii1 Introduction to Biobased Composites 1Faris M. AL-Oqla1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biodegradable Materials 31.3 Polymers in Tissue Engineering 31.4 Environmental Realization 51.4.1 Green Biomass-based Composites 61.4.2 Selection Considerations 61.4.2.1 Materials Implementation Requirements 61.4.2.2 Material Cost 71.5 Biomass Composites Characteristics and Testing 71.6 Life-cycle Assessment 91.7 Conclusions 10References 112 Processing Methods for Manufacture of Biobased Composites 15P. Shenbaga Velu, N. J. Vignesh, and N. Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes2.1 Introduction 152.2 Biobased Materials 162.3 Processing Methods 172.4 Fabrication Techniques of Biobased Composites 192.4.1 Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching 202.4.2 Emulsion Freeze Drying 212.4.3 Electrospinning 212.4.4 Blow Film Extrusion 222.4.5 3D Printing 222.5 Fillers and Reinforcements Used in the Preparation of Biobased Composites 232.5.1 Biobased Fillers/Reinforcements with Non-biobased Polymers 232.5.2 Non-biobased Fillers/Reinforcements with Biobased Polymers 232.5.3 Biobased Filler/Reinforcement and Biobased Polymer 242.6 Conclusion 24References 253 Physicochemical Analysis of Biobased Composites 29N. J. Vignesh, P. Shenbaga Velu, and N. Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes3.1 Introduction 293.2 Performance of Biocomposites 293.2.1 Tensile Properties 303.2.2 Flexural Properties 313.2.3 Impact Properties 323.2.4 Creep 333.2.5 Brittleness and Ductility 343.2.6 Toughness 343.3 Physicochemical Properties 343.4 Conclusion 36References 364 Characterization of Biobased Composites 39Anna Sienkiewicz and Piotr Czub4.1 Introduction 394.2 The Conception of Composites 394.3 Classification of Biocomposites 404.4 Materials for the Synthesis of Biobased Composites 414.4.1 Biopolymers as Matrix of Green Composites 424.4.2 Fibers as Natural Reinforcement 434.5 Challenges of the Introduction of Natural Fiber 46References 505 Mechanical, Thermal, Tribological, and Dielectric Properties of Biobased Composites 53T. Senthil Muthu Kumar, K. Senthilkumar, M. Chandrasekar, S. Karthikeyan, Nadir Ayrilmis, N. Rajini, and Suchart Siengchin5.1 Introduction 535.2 Characterization of Biobased Composites 535.3 Factors Influencing Various Properties of the Biobased Composites 555.3.1 Constituents of Biobased Composites 555.3.2 Fabrication Techniques of Biobased Composites 565.3.3 Aging and Their Impact on the Composite Properties 595.4 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 595.5 Thermal Properties of Biobased Composites 615.5.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Biobased Composites 635.5.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Biobased Composites 645.6 Tribological Properties of Biobased Composites 655.7 Dielectric Properties of Biobased Composites 675.8 Conclusions 69References 706 Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites 75N. B. Karthik Babu, T. Ramesh, and Mohit Hemath Kumar6.1 Introduction 756.1.1 Flame Retardants 776.1.2 Types of Flame Retardants 786.2 Types of Biobased Polymer Composites Used in a Flame-Retardant Application 796.3 Role and Effect of Natural Byproducts on the Flame-Retardant Behavior of a Biocomposite 796.3.1 Flammability of Biochar Reinforced Biocomposites 796.3.2 Commonly Used Agro-wastes to Improve the Flame Retardancy of a Biocomposite 816.4 Role and Effect of Biobased Natural Fibers on the Flammability of a Biocomposite 836.5 Summary 84References 847 Failure Mechanisms of Biobased Composites 87Dipen Kumar Rajak, Durgesh D. Pagar, and Catalin I. Pruncu7.1 Introduction 877.1.1 Fiber Reinforcements in Biobased Composites 887.1.2 Fiber Failures 887.1.2.1 Fiber–Matrix Debonding 887.1.2.2 Fiber Pullout 897.1.2.3 Tear Type Failure 907.1.3 Fiber Pretreatments 907.1.3.1 Defibration 907.1.3.2 Surface Modification 917.1.3.3 Coupling Agent 917.2 Matrix Materials for Biobased Composites 917.2.1 Matrix Failure 937.2.2 Matrix Treatment 937.3 Trends in Biobased Composites 937.3.1 Wood Plastic Composites 947.3.1.1 Failure in WPC 957.3.2 Hybrid Combination 967.4 Adapted Manufacturing Technologies 977.4.1 Injection Molding 977.4.2 Liquid Composite Molding 987.5 Other Failure Criteria 987.6 Conclusion 100References 1008 Recent Advances and Technologies of Biobased Composites 107E. Biswas, S. Hawkins, K. Monroe, T. F. Garrison, and R. L. Quirino8.1 Introduction 1078.2 Recent Advances on Biobased Matrices 1088.2.1 Carbohydrate-Based Matrices 1088.2.2 Plant Oil-Based Matrices 1098.2.3 Biobased Polyester Matrices 1108.2.4 Natural Rubber 1118.2.5 Collagen 1118.3 Recent Advances on Biobased Reinforcements 1128.3.1 Biobased Fiber Reinforcements 1128.3.2 Wood Biochar-Based Reinforcements 1148.3.3 Biobased Nanocomposite Reinforcements 1148.3.3.1 Cellulose Nanocomposites 1148.3.3.2 Other Nanocomposites 1158.4 Recent Advances on Biobased Composite Processing 1158.4.1 Extrusion and Injection Molding Techniques 1168.4.2 Wet Lay-Up Techniques 1168.4.3 3D Printing of Biobased Composites 1168.5 Conclusion 117References 1189 Biocomposites for Energy Storage 123M. Ramesh, J. Maniraj, and L. Rajesh Kumar9.1 Introduction 1239.2 Fundamental Concepts 1249.2.1 Background 1249.3 Selection Parameters for Biocomposites 1269.3.1 Host Response and Biocompatibility 1269.3.2 Biofunctionality 1269.3.3 Functional Tissue Structure and Pathobiology 1269.3.4 Toxicology 1279.3.5 Design and Manufacturability 1279.3.6 Mechanical Properties 1279.3.7 Corrosion Resistance 1279.3.8 Wear and Fatigue Resistance 1289.4 Biocomposites for Energy Storage 1289.5 Bioinspired Composite Materials 1309.6 Bioinspired Composites for Energy Storage 1319.7 Enzyme-Based Materials 1339.8 Biosensing/Bioimaging Applications 1339.9 Conclusion 135References 13610 Analysis of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of A Biobased Composite with Sisal Powder 143Kátia Moreira, Thiago Santos, Caroliny Santos, Rubens Fonseca, Moises Melo, and Marcos Aquino10.1 Introduction 14310.2 Biobased Composites 14310.3 Polyester Matrix Composites 14310.4 Manufacture of Composites 14410.5 Physical–Mechanical Tests 14410.6 Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties 14610.7 Conclusions 149Acknowledgments 150References 15011 Physico-Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 153A. V. Kiruthika11.1 Introduction 15311.1.1 Biobased Fibers 15511.1.2 Biobased Matrices 15511.2 Physico-Mechanical Property of the Biobased Composites 15511.2.1 Density of Biobased Composites 15511.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 15711.3 Applications of Biobased Composites 16311.4 Conclusions 163References 16412 Synthesis and Utilization of Biodegradable Polymers 167Lalit Ranakoti, Brijesh Gangil, Pawan Kumar Rakesh, and Nikita Agrawal12.1 Introduction 16712.2 Synthesis Techniques of Biodegradable Polymers 16712.2.1 By Modifying Natural Polymers 16712.2.2 Polymers Synthesized by Chemicals 16912.2.3 Polymers Synthesized by Microorganisms 16912.2.4 Synthesis by Enzymes 16912.2.5 Synthesis by Chemo-Enzymes 16912.3 Biodegradable Polymers and Their Synthesis 17012.3.1 Starch 17012.3.2 Polylactic Acid 17012.3.3 Polycaprolactone 17012.3.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates/Polyhydroxybutyrate 17012.3.5 Starch–Polyolefin Blends 17112.3.6 Starch–Polyester Blends 17112.3.7 Starch–PLA Blends 17112.4 Applications of Biopolymers in Industries 17112.5 Conclusion 172References 17213 Forecasts of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites and Its Degradability Concerns – A Review 175D. Divya, S. Indran, M. R. Sanjay, and Suchart Siengchin13.1 Introduction 17513.2 Recent Trends of Natural Fiber Production from Plants 17613.3 Magnitude of Natural Fibers at this Juncture 17913.4 Constraints and Competence of Natural Fibers 18513.5 Degradability of Polymeric Natural Fiber Composites 18713.6 Marine Application of Natural Fiber Composites and Its Degradation 18913.7 Conclusion 190Acknowledgments 190References 19014 Biofibers and Biopolymers for Biocomposites – in the Eyes of Spectroscopy 197Madhu Yadav, Jamal Akhter Siddique, Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Anish Khan, and Abdullah M. Asiri14.1 Introduction 19714.1.1 Polylactic Acid 19814.1.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 19914.1.3 Polycaprolactone 19914.2 Characterization 19914.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 20014.2.1.1 Morphological Inspection by SEM 20014.2.1.2 Degree of Adhesion by SEM 20114.2.1.3 Water Absorption of Composites by SEM 20214.2.2 Optical Microscopy 20214.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 20314.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 20314.2.5 Spectroscopic Techniques 20314.2.5.1 NMR Analysis 20314.2.5.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 20514.2.5.3 Acoustic Emission Spectrometry 20714.3 Conclusions 208References 20815 Environmental Impact Study on Biobased Composites Using Lifecycle Methodology 213P. Ramesh, H. Mohit, and V. Arul Mozhi Selvan15.1 Introduction 21315.2 Lifecycle Assessment 21415.2.1 Goal and Scope 21415.2.2 Inventory Data 21415.2.3 Impact Assessment 21515.2.4 Interpretation 21515.3 Simplified Case Study 21515.4 Goal and Scope 21515.5 System Boundary 21515.6 Inventory Analysis 21515.7 Impact Assessment 21715.8 Results 21715.8.1 Normalization 21815.9 Conclusion 221References 221Index 223