Bio-Nanoparticles

Om V. Singh, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Pittsburgh, Bradford in Bradford, PA, USA.

• List of Contributors xvIntroduction xvii1 Diversity of Microbes in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Progress and Limitations 1Mahendra Rai, Irena Maliszewska, Avinash Ingle, Indarchand Gupta, and Alka Yadav1.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria 21.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi 91.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Algae 121.5 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 161.5.1 Nanoparticles as Catalyst 161.5.2 Nanoparticles as Bio]membranes 171.5.3 Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 171.5.4 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 171.5.5 Nanoparticles for Detection and Destruction of Pesticides 171.5.6 Nanoparticles in Water Treatment 181.6 Limitations of Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles 18References 202 Role of Fungi Toward Synthesis of Nano]Oxides 31Rajesh Ramanathan and Vipul Bansal2.1 Introduction 312.2 Fungus]mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials 342.2.1 Biosynthesis of Binary Nano]oxides using Chemical Precursors 342.2.2 Biosynthesis of Complex Mixed]metal Nano]oxides using Chemical Precursors 392.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nano]oxides using Natural Precursors employingBioleaching Approach 422.2.4 Biosynthesis of nano]oxides employing bio]milling approach 442.3 Outlook 46References 473 Microbial Molecular Mechanisms in Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 53Atmakuru Ramesh, Marimuthu Thiripura Sundari, and Perumal Elumalai Thirugnanam3.1 Introduction 533.2 Chemical Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 543.2.1 Brust–Schiffrin Synthesis 553.3 Green Synthesis 573.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 583.5 Mechanisms for Formation or Synthesis of Nanoparticles 613.5.1 Biomineralization using Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) 613.5.2 Reduction of Tellurite using Phototroph Rhodobacter capsulatus 623.5.3 Formation of AgNPs using Lactic Acid and Bacteria 623.5.4 Microfluidic Cellular Bioreactor for the Generation of Nanoparticles 623.5.5 Proteins and Peptides in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles 653.5.6 NADH]dependent Reduction by Enzymes 653.5.7 Sulfate and Sulfite Reductase 663.5.8 Cyanobacteria 673.5.9 Cysteine Desulfhydrase in Rhodopseudomonas palustris 683.5.10 Nitrate and Nitrite reductase 683.6 E xtracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles 693.6.1 Bacterial Excretions 693.6.2 Fungal Strains 713.6.3 Yeast: Oxido]reductase Mechanism 723.6.4 Plant Extracts 733.7 Conclusion 76References 784 Biofilms in Bio]Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges 83Chun Kiat Ng, Anee Mohanty, and Bin Cao4.1 Introduction 834.2 Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials 844.2.1 Overview 844.2.2 Significance of Biofilms in Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials 894.2.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials using Biofilms 904.3 Interaction of Microbial Biofilms with Nanomaterials 904.3.1 Nanomaterials as Anti]biofilm Agents 904.3.2 Nanomaterials as a Tool in Biofilm Studies 924.4 Future Perspectives 93References 945 Extremophiles and Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles: Current and Future Perspectives 101Jingyi Zhang, Jetka Wanner, and Om V. Singh5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1045.2.1 Microorganisms: An Asset in Nanoparticle Biosynthesis 1045.2.2 E xtremophiles in Nanoparticle Biosynthesis 1045.3 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis 1085.4 Fermentative Production of Nanoparticles 1115.5 Nanoparticle Recovery 1145.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 1155.7 Conclusion 115References 1166 Biosynthesis of Size-Controlled Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Bacteria 123Chung-Hao Kuo, David A. Kriz, Anton Gudz, and Steven L. Suib6.1 Introduction 1236.2 Intracellular Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Bacteria 1246.3 E xtracellular Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles by Bacteria 1296.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxide and Sulfide Nanoparticles by Bacteria 1316.5 Conclusion 135References 1357 Methods of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis for Medical and Commercial Applications 141Shilpi Mishra, Saurabh Dixit, and Shivani Soni7.1 Introduction 1417.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Bacteria 1447.2.1 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Bacteria 1447.2.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Bacteria 1457.2.3 Synthesis of other Metallic Nanoparticles by Bacteria 1457.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Actinomycete 1467.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Fungi 1477.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Plants 1487.6 Conclusions 149References 1498 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles: An Overview 155Sneha Singh, Ambarish Sharan Vidyarthi, and Abhimanyu Dev8.1 Introduction 1568.2 Nanoparticles Synthesis Inspired by Microorganisms 1578.2.1 Bacteria in NPs Synthesis 1628.2.2 Fungi in NPs Synthesis 1678.2.3 Actinomycetes in NPs Synthesis 1708.2.4 Yeast in NPs Synthesis 1718.2.5 Virus in NPs Synthesis 1738.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Synthesis 1748.4 Purification and Characterization of Nanoparticles 1768.5 Conclusion 177References 1799 Microbial Diversity of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis 187Raveendran Sindhu, Ashok Pandey, and Parameswaran Binod9.1 Introduction 1879.2 Microbial-mediated Nanoparticles 1879.2.1 Gold 1889.2.2 Silver 1909.2.3 Selenium 1919.2.4 Silica 1929.2.5 Cadmium 1929.2.6 Palladium 1939.2.7 Zinc 1939.2.8 Lead 1949.2.9 Iron 1959.2.10 Copper 1959.2.11 Cerium 1969.2.12 Microbial Quantum Dots 1969.2.13 Cadmium Telluride 1979.2.14 Iron Sulfide-greigite 1989.3 Native and Engineered Microbes for Nanoparticle Synthesis 1989.4 Commercial Aspects of Microbial Nanoparticle Synthesis 1999.5 Conclusion 200References 20010 S ustainable Synthesis of Palladium(0) Nanocatalysts and their Potential for Organohalogen Compounds Detoxification 205Michael Bunge and Katrin Mackenzie10.1 Introduction 20510.2 Chemically Generated Palladium Nanocatalysts for Hydrodechlorination: Current Methods and Materials 20610.2.1 Pd Catalysts 20610.2.2 Data Analysis 20710.2.3 Pd as Dehalogenation Catalyst 20710.2.4 Intrinsic Potential vs. Performance 20810.2.5 Concepts for Pd Protection 21010.3 Bio-supported Synthesis of Palladium Nanocatalysts 21110.3.1 Background 21110.4 Current Approaches for Synthesis of Palladium Catalysts in the Presence of Microorganisms 21210.4.1 Pd(II)-Tolerant Microorganisms for Future Biotechnological Approaches 21310.4.2 Controlling Size and Morphology during Bio-Synthesis 21410.4.3 Putative and Documented Mechanisms of Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles 21510.4.4 Isolation of Nanocatalysts from the Cell Matrix and Stabilization 21610.5 Bio-Palladium(0)-nanocatalyst Mediated Transformation of Organohalogen Pollutants 21710.6 Conclusions 218References 21911 E nvironmental Processing of Zn Containing Wastes and Generation of Nanosized Value-Added Products 225Abhilash and B.D. Pandey11.1 Introduction 22511.1.1 World Status of Zinc Production 22611.1.2 E nvironmental Impact of the Process Wastes Generated 22611.1.3 Production Status in India 22711.1.4 Recent Attempts at Processing Low-Grade Ores and Tailings 22811.2 Physical/Chemical/Hydrothermal Processing 22911.2.1 E xtraction of Pb-Zn from Tailings for Utilization and Production in China 22911.2.2 Vegetation Program on Pb-Zn Tailings 22911.2.3 Recovering Valuable Metals from Tailings and Residues 22911.2.4 E xtraction of Vanadium, Lead and Zinc from Mining Dump in Zambia 23011.2.5 Recovery of Zinc from Blast Furnace and other Dust/Secondary Resources 23011.2.6 Treatment and Recycling of Goethite Waste 23111.2.7 Other Hydrometallurgical Treatments of Zinc-based Industrial Wastes and Residues 23111.3 Biohydrometallurgical Processing: International Scenario 23311.3.1 Bioleaching of Zn from Copper Mining Residues by Aspergillus niger 23311.3.2 Bioleaching of Zinc from Steel Plant Waste using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 23411.3.3 Bacterial Leaching of Zinc from Chat (Chert) Pile Rock and Copper from Tailings Pond Sediment 23411.3.4 Dissolution of Zn from Zinc Mine Tailings 23411.3.5 Microbial Diversity in Zinc Mines 23411.3.6 Chromosomal Resistance Mechanisms of A. ferrooxidans on Zinc 23511.3.7 Bioleaching of Zinc Sulfides by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 23511.3.8 Bioleaching of High-sphalerite Material 23511.3.9 Bioleaching of Low-grade ZnS Concentrate and Complex Sulfides (Pb-Zn) using Thermophilic Species 23611.3.10 Improvement of Stains for Bio-processing of Sphalerite 23611.3.11 Tank Bioleaching of ZnS and Zn Polymetallic Concentrates 23711.3.12 Large-Scale Development for Zinc Concentrate Bioleaching 23711.3.13 Scale-up Studies for Bioleaching of Low-Grade Sphalerite Ore 23811.3.14 Zinc Resistance Mechanism in Bacteria 23811.4 Biohydrometallurgical Processing: Indian Scenario 23811.4.1 E lectro-Bioleaching of Sphalerite Flotation Concentrate 23911.4.2 Bioleaching of Zinc Sulfide Concentrate 23911.4.3 Bioleaching of Moore Cake and Sphalarite Tailings 23911.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 24011.6 Applications of Zinc-based Value-added Products/Nanomaterials 24411.6.1 Hydro-Gel for Bio-applications 24411.6.2 Sensors 24411.6.3 Biomedical Applications 24511.6.4 Antibacterial Properties 24511.6.5 Zeolites in biomedical applications 24611.6.6 Textiles 24611.6.7 Prospects of Zinc Recovery from Tailings and Biosynthesis of Zinc-based Nano-materials 24611.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 247References 24812 Interaction Between Nanoparticles and Plants: Increasing Evidence of Phytotoxicity 255Rajeshwari Sinha and S.K. Khare12.1 Introduction 25512.2 Plant–Nanoparticle Interactions 25612.3 E ffect of Nanoparticles on Plants 25612.3.1 Monocot Plants 25712.3.2 Dicot Plants 25712.4 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle]induced Phytotoxicity 25712.4.1 Endocytosis 25712.4.2 Transfer through Ion Channels Post]ionization 26212.4.3 Aquaporin Mediated 26212.4.4 Carrier Proteins Mediated 26212.4.5 Via Organic Matter 26212.4.6 Complex Formation with Root Exudates 26212.4.7 Foliar Uptake 26312.5 E ffect on Physiological Parameters 26312.5.1 Loss of Hydraulic Conductivity 26312.5.2 Genotoxic Effects 26312.5.3 Absorption and Accumulation 26312.5.4 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 26412.5.5 Biotransformation of NPs 26412.6 Genectic and Molecular Basis of NP Phytotoxicity 26612.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 266References 26713 Cytotoxicology of Nanocomposites 273Horacio Bach13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Cellular Toxicity 27413.2.1 Mechanisms of Cellular Toxicity 27413.2.2 E ffect of Glutathione (GSH) in Oxidative Stress 27613.2.3 Damage to Cellular Biomolecules 27713.3 Nanoparticle Fabrication 28113.3.1 Physico]chemical Characteristics of NPs 28213.3.2 Cellular Uptake 28413.3.3 Factors Affecting the Internalization of NPs 28713.4 Immunological Response 28913.4.1 Cytokine Production 28913.4.2 Cytotoxicity, Necrosis, Apoptosis, and Cell Death 29013.5 Factors to Consider to Reduce the Cytotoxic Effects of NP 29213.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 293References 29414 Nanotechnology: Overview of Regulations and Implementations 303Om V. Singh and Thomas Colonna14.1 Introduction 30314.2 Scope of Nanotechnology 30514.3 Safety Concerns Related to Nanotechnology 31014.4 Barriers to the Desired Regulatory Framework 31114.4.1 Regulatory Framework in the United States 31214.4.2 Global Efforts toward Regulation of Nanotechnology 31514.5 Biosynthesis of Microbial Bio]nanoparticles: An Alternative Production Method 31714.6 Conclusion 325References 326Name index 331Subject index 333