Ball and Moore's Essential Physics for Radiographers

John Ball is former Principal at the South West Wales School of Radiography, Swansea.Professor Adrian D. Moore is Dean of the Faculty of Science and Technology and Pro Vice-Chancellor at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge.Steve Turner is Head of the Division of Radiography at Birmingham City University.

• Preface ix How to use the Maths Help File xi1 General Physics 1Energy. Matter. Relationship between energy and matter. Systems of units. Physical quantities.2 Internal Energy, Temperature and Heat 14Internal energy. Temperature. Heat. Conduction of heat. Convection of heat. Radiation of heat.3 Electricity 29Frictional electricity. Types of electric charge. Electric force. Electric fields.4 Atomic Structure 38Elements and compounds. Atoms and molecules. Structure of the atom. Chemical behaviour of atoms. Post-Bohr ideas on atomic structure.5 Electric Charge and Potential 55Electric charges. Electrical potential and potential difference. The electronvolt.6 Conduction and Storage of Electric Charges 67Band theory of electrical conduction. Storing electric charge.7 Current Electricity 82Electric current. Circuit symbols. Potential difference. Resistance. Kirchhoff’s laws. Internal resistance. Electromotive force. Electrical energy and power. Charging capacitors. Discharging capacitors. Capacitors in series and in parallel. Applications of capacitors.8 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 114Laws of magnetic force. Force between magnetic poles. Magnetisation. Dia-, para- and ferromagnetism. Magnetic fields. Magnetic flux and flux density. Magnetic effect of electric current. Force on a current-carrying conductor. Moving coil meter.9 Electromagnetic Induction 132Induced emf. Fleming’s right-hand rule. Electromagnetic induction in a coil. Laws of electromagnetic induction. Mutual induction. Self induction. Time constant.10 Alternating Current 140Generation of alternating current (a.c.). Sinusoidal nature of a.c. Peak and effective values of a.c. Practical alternators. Mains power generation. A.C. circuit characteristics. Transformers. Transmission of power (National Grid).11 Thermionic Emission 162Principle of thermionic emission. Thermionic emission in a vacuum tube.12 X-Ray Tubes 169Construction of simple X-ray tubes. Modern materials and X-ray tube design. Line focus principle. X-ray tube shield. Cooling ofX-ray tubes.13 Solid-State Devices 185Properties of semiconductors. P–n junction diodes. Light-emitting diodes and photodiodes. Rectification in X-ray equipment. Transistors. Thyristors.14 Electromagnetic Radiation 201Origin of electromagnetic radiation. Modelling the behaviour of electromagnetic radiation. Wave theory of electromagnetic radiation. Quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic spectrum. Spectral emission curves.15 Light 224Brightness of light. Colour of light. Production of light. Photoelectric effect.16 X-Rays 245Production of X-rays. Quality and intensity of X-rays.17 Interaction of X-Rays and Gamma Rays with Matter 261Transmission of X- or gamma rays through a medium. Processes of attenuation. Attenuation of heterogeneous beams.18 X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Interaction with Tissues 287Transmission of X- and gamma-ray beams through body tissues. Effects of scattered radiation on patient dose, staff dose and image quality.19 X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Measurements (Dosimetry) 295Absorbed dose. Measurement of dose. Evaluation of beam quality.20 Radioactivity and Radionuclide Imaging 315Causes of radioactivity. Radioactive transformation processes. Radioactive decay rates. Production of radionuclides. Medical applications of radionuclides. Radionuclide imaging.21 Radiation Safety 337Introduction. Sources of radiation exposure. Biological effects of radiation. Principles of radiation protection. Practice of radiation safety. Personal monitoring.22 Ultrasound 359Sound waves. Ultrasound. Ultrasound image production. Biological effects of ultrasound. Frequently asked questions.23 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 373Basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging. MRI equipment.AppendixMaths Help File 381References and Bibliography 394Index 397