Aspects of Western Civilization

Perry M. Rogers received his B.A. from San Jose State University, his M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington where he specialized in ancient history with fields in medieval history, and Early Modern Europe. He has been a professor of Roman history at the Ohio State University and has held an adjunct position in the Liberal Arts at the Pontifical College Josephinum for several years. He remains Chair of the History Department at Columbus School for Girls, an independent, college preparatory school in Columbus, Ohio. Rogers’s two-volume publications for Pearson/Prentice Hall include Aspects of Western Civilization (7th edition), Aspects of World History, and The Human Spirit: Sources in the Western Humanities.

• PREFACEPART I: FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN WORLD Chapter 1: The Age of the Renaissance and Reformation SECTION I: THE RENAISSANCE MOVEMENT The Humanist Movement Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486), Pico della Mirandola The Soul of Man (1474), Marcilio Ficino The Political Life of Florence The Rule of Cosimo de'Medici, Vespasiano The Prince: “Everyone Sees What You Appear to Be, Few Perceive What You Are” Niccolò Machiavelli SECTION II: THE REFORMATION ERA The Lutheran Reformation “How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?” (1517), Johann Tetzel Salvation Through Faith Alone, Martin Luther The Ninety-five Theses (1517), Martin Luther “Here I Stand”: Address at the Diet of Worms (1521), Martin Luther The Edict of Worms (1521), Emperor Charles V In the Wake of LutherJohn Calvin and the Genevan Reformation On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544), John Calvin Predestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), John Calvin The Catholic Reformation Spiritual Exercises (1548), Ignatius Loyola The Council of Trent: Profession of Faith The Tridentine Index of Books (1564) Chapter 2: “I Am the State”: The Development of Absolutism in England and France The English Revolution (1649-1689) The Struggle for Constitutional Government (1650-1660) “The Mortal God”: Leviathan (1651), Thomas Hobbes The Instrument of Government (December 16, 1653) Cromwell Denies the Crown (May 8, 1657), Oliver Cromwell The Reflection in the Mirror: Oliver Cromwell: The Lord Protector “To You Our Country Owes Its Liberties” John Milton “Guilty of Crimes for which Hell-Fire Is Prepared”, Edward Hyde The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution (1660-1689) “A Force Sufficient to Defend Us from the Violence of Those Evil Counsellors”, William of Orange The Bill of Rights (1689) The Absolutism of Louis XIV The Theory of Divine-Right Monarchy The Ideal Absolute State (1697), Jean Domat Politics and Scripture (1679), Jacques Benigne Bossuet The Sun King and the Practice of Absolute Rule “Vanity Was His Ruin”, The Duke of Saint-Simon Letters to His Heirs: “Allow Good Sense to Act”, King Louis XIV “A Frightful Plot”: The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, The Duke of Saint-Simon The Artistic Vision: The Palace of Versailles “A Celebration of Greatness”, Jean Colbert Visible Majesty, King Louis XIV Chapter 3: “Dare to Know!”: The Scientific Revolution Science and the Church The Heliocentric Statement (ca. 1520), Nicolaus Copernicus On the Movement of the Earth (1543), Nicolaus Copernicus Science and the Bible: “They Would Have Us Abandon Reason” (1615), Galileo Galilei The Reflection in the Mirror: Galileo Absolved: The Resolution “Science and Faith Are Both Gifts from God” (1993) Pope John Paul II The Foundations of Modern Science The Advancement of Learning (1605), Sir Francis Bacon “I Think, Therefore I Am”: Discourse on Method (1637), René Eescartes Against the Grain: On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) “A Motion, As It Were, In a Circle” William Harvey Principles of Analysis–Induction and God: Optics (1704) Sir Isaac NewtonChapter 4: The Enlightenment and the Revolution of the MindThoughts on the Human Condition and Human ProgressThe Blank Slate of the Mind: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) John LockeAgainst the Grain: On Crimes and Punishments (1764)“The Greatest Happiness of the Greatest Number”, Cesare BeccariaThoughts on ReligionGod–“A Cause Contradicted by Its Effects”: Common Sense (1770), Baron d'HolbachOn Universal Toleration, Voltaire“If God Did Not Exist, He Would Have to Be Invented”, VoltaireThoughts on EducationIntroduction to the Encyclopedia (1751), Jean Le Rond d'Alembert“We Did Not Live Entirely in Vain” (1764), Denis DiderotThoughts on Government: The Political FrameworkSecond Treatise of Civil Government (1690), John LockeThe Spirit of the Laws (1748), Baron de montesquieuThe Social Contract (1762), Jean Jacques RousseauThe Declaration of Independence (1776), Thomas JeffersonThoughts on Women: The Social FrameworkWoman: “Especially Constituted to Please Man”, Jean Jacques RousseauA Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), Mary WollstonecraftThoughts on Commerce: The Economic FrameworkThe Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam SmithPART II : THE ERA OF REVOLUTIONChapter 5: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!”: The French RevolutionConditions of Society on the Eve of RevolutionThe Corruption of the French Court, Marquis d'Argenson“Ancient Oaks Mutilated by Time” , Marquis de BouilleThe Grievances of CarcassonneBeggars, Rags, and Misery, Arthur YoungThe Outbreak of Revolution (1789—1791)“What Is the Third Estate?” (January 1789), the Abbé AieyèsWomen of the Third Estate: “We Ask to Be Enlightened” (January 1789)The Tennis Court Oath (June 29, 1789)The Fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 27, 1789)Against the Grain: The Flip Side of LibertyDeclaration of the Rights of Woman (1791), Olympe de GougesReflections on the Revolution (1790), Edmund BurkeThe Radicalization of the Revolution (1792—1794)The Fall of Louis XVI (1792-1793)The Execution of Louis XVI (January 21, 1793), Henry Edgeworth de FirmontProclamation of the Convention to the French People (January 23, 1793)Reflections on Louis XVI, Mme RolandThe Reflection in the Mirror: A Revolutionary Reality CheckAn Update on the Political Rights of Women (1793)The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)“You Would Exterminate All Your Enemies by the Guillotine!” (December 20, 1793), Camille DesmoulinsThe Artistic Vision: Jean-Claude Marat: “The Martyr of the Revolution”The Death of Marat (1793), Jacques-Louis David“Virtue and Terror”: Speech to the Convention (February 5, 1794), Maximilien RobespierreThe Administration of Terror (June 10, 1794)The Execution of Robespierre (July 28, 1794), Durand de MaillaneChapter 6: Paths of Glory: Napoleon and the Romantic MovementThe Napoleonic Era (1796-1815)The Will to Power (1796-1802)On the Realities of Power (1796), Napoleon BonaparteSuppression of the Newspapers (1800)Articles for the Catholic Church (1802)The Imperial Mantle (1804-1806)“The Only Salvation Lies in Hereditary Power” (December 1804), Napoleon BonaparteWhy the French Submitted to Napoleon's Rule (1804), Comtesse de RémusatThe Imperial Catechism (April 1806)Exile and Death: The Hero in HistoryNapoleon in Exile: “We Stand as Martyrs to an Immortal Cause!”, Napoleon BonaparteThe Role of Great Men in History, G. W. F. HegelAgainst the Grain: Beethoven's Eroica: “To the Memory of a Great Man” Portrait of Beethoven, Joseph Karl Stieler Ode to Joy, Friedrich Schiller The Romantic Movement (1780-1830) The Erlking, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Terror and the Macabre: Frankenstein (1818), Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley The Artistic Vision: “The Tyrant of Europe” Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte, Lord Byron The Third of May, 1808 , Francisco Goya Chapter 7: “A World to Win!”: The Industrial Revolution Rural and Urban Transformations The Dependent Poor (1795), David Davies “How Are Men to Provide for Their Families?”: A Workers Petition (1786) The Urban Landscape The Factory System Sybil (1845), Benjamin Disraeli The Sadler Report: “Not Many as Deformed as I Am” (1832) Child Labor A Defense of the Factory System (1835), Andrew Ure Living Conditions The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844), Friedrich Engels The Impact of the Factory System on Women and the Family, Friedrich Engels Reaction and Reform Against the Grain: The Horrors of the Slave Trade “A Scene of Horror Almost Inconceivable” , Olauda Eqiano “We Can No Longer Plead Ignorance”, William Wilberforce Law and Liberty: The Liberal Truth The Iron Law of Wages (1817), David Ricardo The Chartist Demands (1838) A Middle-Class Perspective (1859), Samuel Smiles The Artistic Vision: The Social Perspective by Train Over London by Rail , Gustave Doré Third Class Carriage , Honoré Daumier Visions of a New World: The Socialist Truth Utopian Socialism (1816), Robert Owen The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The Reflection in the Mirror: A Papal Perspective: Rerum Novarum (1891) “A Yoke Little Better Than That of Slavery Itself” , Pope Leo XIII Chapter 8: Fatherland: The Power of NationalismVolksgeist : The “Spirit of the People”(1815-1850) The Conservative Confession of Faith, Prince Klemens von Metternich Stirrings: The People and the Fatherland, Johann Gottlieb Fichte The Duties of Man, Giuseppi Mazzini The Reflection in the Mirror: The Greek Revolution of 1820 “To Avenge Ourselves Against a Frightful Tyranny” Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi (1826), Eugène Delacroix “A Moderate Amount of Happiness for All Men”, Alexis de Tocqueville 1848: “A Great Outburst of Elemental Forces Had Begun”, Carl Schurz The Political Unification of Italy and Germany (1850-1890) Proclamation for the Liberation of Sicily (1860), Giuseppe Garibaldi Address to the Italian Parliament (1871), King Victor Emmanuel II “We Germans Fear God, and Nothing Else in the World”: Speech to the Reichstag (1888), Otto von Bismarck Against the Grain: The Zionist Movement The Basil Program (1897) Chapter 9: “Mark Them with Your Dead!”: The Scramble for Global Empire “Send Forth the Best Ye Breed!”: The Foundations of Imperialism Racism and the Corruption of Science The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin The Standpoint of Science (1900), Karl Pearson For God and Country The Mandate System: Britain's Duty in Egypt (1890) , Joseph Chamberlain “France Must Be a Great Country!” (1883), Jules Ferry Germany's Place in the Sun (1900), Kaiser Wilhelm II The White Man's Burden (1899), Rudyard Kipling “To Seek Another's Profit and Work Another's Gain” “Your New-Caught Sullen Peoples” Education in India: “The Intrinsic Superiority of Western Literature” (1835), Thomas Babington Macaulay Foreign Children, Robert Louis Stevenson “A Natural Inclination to Submit to a Higher Authority” (1893) Sir Frederick Dealtry Lugard The Reflection in the Mirror “The Judgment of Your Peers” The “White Man's Face”: Terror in the Congo, Frederick Starr The Battle Hymn of the Republic (Brought Down to Date), Mark Twain Chapter 10: Fin de Siècle: The Birth of the Modern Era The Woman Question and Anti-Feminism Seneca Falls Declaration (1848) “Sisters of America! Your Sisters of France Are United with You” (1851) Pauline Roland and Jeanne Deroine Against Woman Suffrage (1884), Francis Parkman “The Brain Weight of Women is Five Ounces Less Than That of Men” (1887), George Romanes Against the Grain: The Independent Woman A Doll's House (1879), Henrik Ibsen “This Is the Logic of Demons!”, Josephine Butler “I Incite This Meeting to Rebellion” (1912), Emmeline Pankhurst The Revolt Against Reason Faith, Love, and Hope: “Enough! Enough!” (1887), Friedrich Nietzsche “God Is Dead!”, Friedrich Nietzsche The Artistic Vision: The Insular World of Edvard Munch Scream (1893), Edvard Munch PART III: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND Chapter 11: The Great War (1914-1918) The Road to War The Celebration of War “Without War, No State Could Exist”, Heinrich von Treitschke “Blind Obedience to Primitive Instincts” (1910), Norman Angell The Lamps Go Out Over Europe Statutes of “The Black Hand” Assassination at Sarajevo: The Plot and Murder (June 28, 1914) “The Sword is Drawn!” (August 18, 1914), Kaiser Wilhelm II “They Shall Not Pass”: The Great War (1914-1918) The Horror of Battle The Battle of Verdun (February—December 1916) The Battle of the Somme (July—November 1916) No Man's Land, J. Knight-Adkin “What Are You Fighting For, Michel?” Against the Grain: Glory in the Skies: The Red Baron “An Englishman for Breakfast” Baron Manfred von Richthofen “On the Other Side of the Boundary” Ernst Udet It Is Sweet and Proper to Die for One's Country Five Souls W. N. Ewer A German War Letter: “One Blood-Soaked, Corpse-Strewn Field” Richard Schiemder