Aspects of Western Civilization

Perry M. Rogers received his B.A. from San Jose State University, his M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington where he specialized in ancient history with fields in medieval history, and Early Modern Europe.  He has been a professor of Roman history at the Ohio State University and has held an adjunct position in the Liberal Arts at the Pontifical College Josephinum for several years.  He remains Chair of the History Department at Columbus School for Girls, an independent, college preparatory school in Columbus, Ohio.  Rogers’s two-volume publications for Pearson/Prentice Hall include Aspects of Western Civilization (7th edition), Aspects of World History, and The Human Spirit:  Sources in the Western Humanities.

• PREFACE  PART I: THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIZATION  Chapter 1: Civilization in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Israel  Mesopotamian Civilization  The Reign of SargonThe Code of HammurabiThe Epic of GilgameshThe Biblical Flood  Egyptian Civilization  The Authority of the Pharaohs  Building the Pyramids            HerodotusMummification                       HerodotusRamses the Great  The Artistic Vision: The Great Pyramids  Egyptian Religion and Values  Instructions of KagemniThe Pyramid TextsThe Book of the Dead: Negative Confession  Against the Grain: The Amarna Revolution The Hymn to Aten     Akhenaten             Hebrew Civilization  Origins, Oppression, and the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt  The Creation of the WorldParadise and the Fall from GraceThe Hebrew BondageThe Burning BushThe Mission of MosesThe Departure of the Israelites  Covenant and Commandments  The Ten CommandmentsThe Covenant Code  Wisdom and Psalms  Job: “Clothed In Fearful Splendor”Psalm 104: “All Creatures Depend On You”  Prophets: Amos, Isaiah, and Jeremiah  Amos: “Let Justice Flow Like Water”Yahweh: “There Is No God Except Me”Isaiah’s Vision of Everlasting Peace  The Reflection in the Mirror: The New Covenant of Jeremiah“Deep Within Them, I Shall Plant My Law”              PART II: THE GREEK WORLD  Chapter 2: Legend and History:  The World of Early Greece  The Trojan War: Homer’s Iliad  The Wrath of Achilles            HomerThe Death of Hector              Homer  Homecoming: The Odyssey of Homer  The Adventure of the Cyclops          HomerOdysseus in the Underworld            HomerThe Return of Odysseus                   Homer  Early Greek Literature (700-500 B.C.E.)  Pandora’s Box of Evil                                    HesiodWorks and Days: Advice for the Wise         HesiodGreek Love Poetry                                         SapphoThe Celebration of Athletic Glory               Pindar    Chapter 3: Democracy and Empire: The Golden Age of Athens  The Greek Polis: Two Ways of Life  “Man Is a Political Animal”              AristotleThe City-State of Sparta: Reforms of Lycurgus      Plutarch Spartan Discipline      Plutarch“Happiness Depends on Being Free, and Freedom Depends on Courage”:The Funeral Oration of Pericles (430 B.C.E.)          Thucydides  The Historian at Work Herodotus“As Rich as Croesus”:  The Happiest of Men?  The Persian Wars and the Defense of Greece (490–480 B.C.E.)  “The Spartans Will Fight”                                             HerodotusThe 300 Spartans at Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.)      Herodotus  Greek Tragedy (480-430 B.C.E.)  Oedipus the King (430 B.C.E.)          SophoclesAntigone (441 B.C.E.)                        Sophocles             The Athenian Empire, War, and Decline (480–404 B.C.E.)           The Historian at Work: ThucydidesBloodbath at Corcyra  The Mytilenian Debate (427 B.C.E.)            ThucydidesThe Melian Dialogue (416 B.C.E.)   Thucydides  The Reflection in the Mirror  Hubris: The Conceit of PowerThe Trojan Women (415 B.C.E.)      Euripides  The Sicilian Disaster (413 B.C.E.)                ThucydidesWomen and War: Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.)    Aristophanes  Against the Grain         The Trial of Socrates“You Will Not Easily Find Another Like Me”         Plato    Chapter 4: The Age of Alexander the Great            The Rise of Macedon and the Fall of Greece  The First Philippic (351 B.C.E.)                                            Demosthenes“They Speak of Nothing But Your Power” (346 B.C.E.)     IsocratesOn the Crown (330 B.C.E.)                                                   Demosthenes  Alexander the Great?  “Carve Out a Kingdom Worthy of Yourself!”          PlutarchThe Destruction of Persepolis                                  Diodorus SiculusThe Character and Leadership of Alexander         Arrian“Making Humankind a Single People”                       Plutarch  The Thought of the Age  The Philosophy of Plato  The Unenlightened Majority                PlatoAllegory of the Cave                             PlatoThe Equality of Women in the State    Plato  The Thought of Aristotle  Virtue and Moderation: The Doctrine of the Mean            AristotleThe Status of Women                                                             Aristotle    PART III: THE ROMAN WORLD  Chapter 5: The Roman Republic: Origins, Breakdown, and Rebirth  Roman Virtues in the Early and Middle Republic (753-150 B.C.E.)  The Historian at Work: Titus LivyThe Power of the Past  The Oath of the Horatii: “One of the Great Stories of Ancient Times”     LivyThe Rape of Lucretia                                        LivyThe Courage of Mucius Scaevola     Livy“Hannibal at the Gates!”                      Livy  “Cracks in the Wall”: The Breakdown Begins (150-100 B.C. E.)  The Destruction of Carthage (146 B.C.E.)                           AppianThe Growth of the Latifundia                                                Appian  The Murder of Tiberius Gracchus (133 B.C.E.)                  Plutarch“Vengeance with Excessive Cruelty”                                    Sallust                       The Fall of the Roman Republic (100–31 B.C.E.)  The Historian at Work: AppianThe Revolt of Spartacus  The Civil War (49–45 B.C.E.)  “The Die Is Cast”: Caesar Crosses the Rubicon    Suetonius“We Must Trust to the Mercy of the Storm”                      Cicero  Julius Caesar: The Colossus That Bestrode the World?  Caesar’s Reforms      SuetoniusAbuse of Power          SuetoniusThe Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 B.C.E.)      Plutarch  The Power Vacuum (44-31 B.C.E.)  “A Public Prostitute”:  The Philippic Against Mark Antony                       CiceroThe Murder of Cicero:  “Antony’s Greatest and Bitterest Enemy”          Appian  Against the Grain         Cleopatra:   Queen of the Nile“The Attraction Was Something Bewitching”        Plutarch“She Was No Weak-Kneed Woman”                      Horace  The Establishment of the Augustan Principate (31-27 B.C.E.)  The Powers and Authority of the Emperor                                       Dio CassiusThe Transition from Republic to Principate                                      TacitusRes Gestae: The Accomplishments of Augustus                             AugustusThe Mission:  “To Spare the Conquered and Crush the Proud”      Virgil    Chapter 6: Caesar and Christ  Roman State Religion and the Mystery Cults  The Imperial Cult: The Deification of Augustus      Dio CassiusInvasion of the Eastern Cults                                      Minucius FelixOrgiastic Frenzy                                                            Apuleius  The Message of Jesus  The Baptism of JesusThe Sermon on the MountThe Good Samaritan  The Mission of Jesus  Instructions to the Twelve DisciplesPeter: The RockSuffering, Persecution, and the Son of ManThe Final Judgment  The Work of Paul  Paul’s Answer to the Intellectuals“Neither Jew Nor Greek, Male Nor Female”The Resurrection of Christ  Conflict and the Development of the Christian Church  Roman Imperial Policy Regarding Jews and Christians  The Historian at Work: Flavius JosephusMass Suicide at Masada  The Persecution of Christians Under Nero (64 C.E.)          Tacitus“The Infection of This Superstition Has Spread”                  Pliny the Younger“A Religion of Lust”:  Anti-Christian Propaganda                Minucius Felix  The Reflection in the Mirror  “Christians to the Lions!”A Christian Defense              Tertullian  The Early Church Fathers  First Principles of the Early Church (225 C.E.)        OrigenThe City of God                                                            Saint Augustine  Against the Grain           Augustine:  From Sinner to SaintThe Confessions        Saint Augustine  The Triumph of Christianity  The Petrine Theory           Pope Leo ILoyalty to the Pope: Oath to Gregory II (723 C.E.)            Bishop Boniface    Chapter 7:The Pax Romana and the Decline of Rome             Strength and Success (14–180 C.E.)  Political and Military Control  The Imperial Army                            Favius JosephusA Roman Triumph                             ZonarasImperial Patronage                            Pliny the YoungerTechniques of Roman Control        Tacitus  The Historian at Work: TacitusThe Murder of Agrippina             “All Roads Lead to Rome”  The Glory of the City             Strabo  The Artistic Vision: The Roman Aqueduct:  Pont du GardThe Magnificence of the Baths        LucianThe Bath House                                 Seneca  The Dark Side of Rome        Juvenal“Bread and Circuses”                    Fronto“The Give and Take of Death”:  Gladiatorial Combat       Seneca“Charming Privacy”: The Rural Aristocrat      Pliny the Younger  Social and Intellectual Aspects of the Pax Romana     The Roman Woman  “Subordinate Beauty”                                                   Valerius MaximusThe Funeral Eulogy of Turia                                       Quintus Lucretius Vespillo  Slavery in the Roman Empire  A Slave Rebellion                                                                  Pliny the YoungerThe Proper Treatment of Slaves                                        SenecaSocial Mobility:  “Once a Mere Worm, Now a King”         Petronius  The Stoic Philosophy  “What Is the Principal Thing in Life?”                          SenecaMeditations                                                                    Marcus Aurelius  Failure and Decline (180–500 C.E.)  “Empire for Sale” (193 C.E.)                        Dio CassiusNews of the Attacks                                     Jerome  The Reflection in the Mirror:  The Decline of the WestDecline and Christianity                                        Edward Gibbon    PART IV        THE MEDIEVAL WORLD  Chapter 8: Icon, Scimitar, and Cross: Early Medieval Civilization (500-1100)            Byzantine Civilization  The Emperor Justinian (527–565)  The Secret History of Justinian and Theodora        ProcopiusThe Nika Riot (532)                                                      ProcopiusThe Wonders of Saint Sophia                                     Paul the Silentiary  Byzantine Spiritual Foundations  Heresy: The Threat of Arianism      EusebiusThe Nicene Creed (325)                    EusebiusIconoclasm and Orthodoxy: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)A Western Attitude Toward the Byzantine Greeks (1147)      Odo of Deuil   Islamic Civilization  The Religious Tenets of the Qur’an  The Heritage of IslamThe Qur’an on Women  The Reflection in the Mirror:  The Love of Allah“The Love of Allah Should Conquer a Man’s Heart”         al-ghazzali    Islamic Science and Mathematics  On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion     al-GhazzaliOn the Causes of Small-Pox                                       al-Razi  The Dawn of the European Middle Ages  Beowulf: The Germanic HeroCharlemagne:  The Moderate and Progressive King                      EinhardThe Missi Dominici (802)  Against the Grain: The Carolingian RenaissanceEducation and the Scriptures            Charlemagne  1066: The Norman Conquest of England     William of Malmesbury  The Artistic Vision: The Bayeux TapestryThe Norman Conquest and the Sisters of Bayeux  Feudalism  The Viking Onslaught (850–1050)  The Annals of Xanten (845–854)The Siege of Paris (806)                         Abbo  The Feudal Relationship  Legal Rules for Military Service      King Louis IXLiege HomageRestraint of Feudal Violence: The Truce of God (1063)Ordeal of Hot Iron    Chapter 9: The Sword of Faith: The High Middle Ages (1100-1300)              The Medieval Church in Ascendency  The Crusading Movement  Launching the Crusades: “It Is the Will of God!” (1095)    Robert the MonkOut of Control:  The Fall of Jerusalem (1099)The Protection of Allah                                                          Usamah ibn-Munqidh  The Historian at Work: Usamah ibn-MunqidhThe Infidel: “Superior in Courage, But Nothing Else”          The Investiture Controversy (1075-1122)  The Excommunication of Emperor Henry IV (February 1076)       Pope Gregory VII“Go To Canossa!”: Henry’s Penance (January 28, 1077)                   Pope Gregory VIIOath at Canossa (January 1077)      Emperor Henry IV  The Artistic Vision: The Art of Stained GlassA Martyrdom in Glass:  The Murder of Saint Thomas Becket  Medieval Monasticism  The Rule of Saint Benedict The Vow of a MonkVisions of Ecstasy                                            Hildegard of BingenThe Canticle of Brother Sun (1225)              Saint Francis of Assisi  Against the Grain         Papal Supremacy and Magna Carta“The Rights of Englishmen”:  Magna Carta (1215)Innocent Protects His Investment (1216)     Pope Innocent iii  Mind and Society in the High Middle Ages  The World of Thought  Political Theory: The Responsibilities of Kingship (1159)         John of SalisburyThe Existence of God                                                                      Saint Thomas AquinasThe Love of God                                                                               Saint Bernard of ClairvauxThe Dialectical Method: Sic et Non                                                Peter Abelard  The Reflection in the Mirror:  The Tragedy of Abelard and HeloiseA Story of Calamities                        Peter Abelard  The Medieval Woman  Whether Woman Was Fittingly Made from the Rib of Man?        Saint Thomas AquinasWhether a Woman Can Baptize?                                 Saint Thomas AquinasChivalric Ideals: The Function of Knighthood         John of SalisburyThe Minds of Women: “Freer and Sharper”                           Christine de Pizan    Chapter 10: The Waning of the Middle Ages (1300-1450)  The Crisis of the Medieval Church  The Papacy Under Siege  Clericis Laicos (1298)             Pope Boniface VIIIUnam Sanctam (1302)            Pope Boniface VIIIThe Argument Against Papal Supremacy:  Defensor Pacis (1324)        Marsilius of Padua  The Artistic Vision: Giotto at the Creative Edge“The Student of Nature Herself”        VasariLamentation for the Dead Christ      Giotto             The Babylonian Captivity and the Conciliar Movement  On the Abuses of Avignon     Petrarch“The Wolf Is Carrying Away Your Sheep”              Saint Catherine of SienaThe Great Schism: The Cardinals Revolt (1378)The Council of Pisa (1409)The Council of Constance (1417)                                                             The Reflection in the Mirror: The Vices of the Church“Luxury Demands Gratifications”    Nicholas ClamangesThe Wealth of the Church (1480)  Disease and History:  The Black Death (1347-1351)  “A Most Terrible Plague”     Giovanni Boccaccio“God’s Hand Was Unstrung”           Matteo Villani     PART V          TRANSITIONS TO THE MODERN WORLD  Chapter 11: The Age of the Renaissance  The Humanist Movement  A Humanist Education                                   Leonardo BruniOration on the Dignity of Man (1486)         Pico della MirandolaThe Soul of Man (1474)                                 Marsilio Ficino  Against the Grain: I, LeonardoThe Notebooks of a Universal Man             Leonardo da Vinci                         The Life of Florence  The Rule of Cosimo de’ Medici                                Vespasiano“This Will Be Your Final Destruction” (1494)         Girolamo SavonarolaThe Prince: “Everyone Sees What You Appear to Be, Few Perceive What You Are”Niccolò Machiavelli  The Artistic Vision        The Dome of BrunelleschiThe Artistic Competition (1420)        Giorgio Vasari  Mind and Society in the Renaissance  Renaissance Manners  Book of the Courtier (1518)                                       Baldassare CastiglioneOn the Nature and Purpose of Women and Men     Baldassare Castiglione  The Reflection in the Mirror: The Hammer of Witches“All Wickedness Is But Little to the Wickedness of a Woman”    Chapter 12: The Reformation Era  The Lutheran Reformation (1517-1546)  The Indulgence Controversy (1517)  “The Cheat of Pardons and Indulgences”:  The Praise of Folly (1509)      Desiderius ErasmusInstructions for the Sale of Indulgences (1517)                                           Archbishop Albert of Mainz“How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?” (1517)                           Johann Tetzel  The Artistic Vision: Saint Peter’s Basilica  The Colonnade of St. Peter’s Basilica          Gian Lorrenzo BerniniSalvation Through Faith Alone                   Martin LutherThe Ninety-five Theses (1517)                    Martin Luther  Breaking with Rome (1517-1525)  Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)     Martin LutherOn Christian Liberty (1520)                                                                  Martin Luther“Here I Stand”:  Address at the Diet of Worms (1521)                       Martin LutherThe Edict of Worms (1521)                                                                    Emperor Charles V  Social and Political Aspects of the Reformation  On Celibacy and Marriage                                             Martin LutherCondemnation of the Peasant Revolt (1524)             Martin Luther  In the Wake of Luther  John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation (1536-1564)  On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544)                          John CalvinPredestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)             John CalvinGenevan Catechism: Concerning the Lord’s Supper (1541)           John CalvinOrdinances for the Regulation of Churches (1547)                         John CalvinThe Spread of Calvinism (1561)                                                          Giovanni Michiel The Reflection in the Mirror: “Beware of Infection”:  The Abdication of Charles V“The Wretched Condition of the Christian State” (1556)   Emperor Charles V  The Anabaptist Radical Reformation (1525-1535)  On the Mystery of Baptism (1526)                                       Hans Hut“They Should Be Drowned Without Mercy”: Measures Against Anabaptists  The English Reformation (1534-1603)  The Supremacy Act (1534): “The Only Supreme Head of the Church of England”The Act of Succession (1534)Good Queen Mary (1553): “Loving Subjects and Christian Charity”Bloody Mary: “To Be Burned According to the Wholesome Laws of Our Realm”The Enforcement of the Elizabethan Settlement (1593): “Divine Service According to Her Majesty’s Laws”  The Catholic Reformation (1540-1565)  The Society of Jesus  Constitution of the Society of Jesus (1540)Spiritual Exercises (1548)                                    Ignatius LoyolaThe Way of Perfection:  “Prayer Is the Mortar Which Keeps Our House Together”            Saint Teresa of Avila  The Council of Trent (1545–1563)  The Profession of FaithThe Closing Oration at Trent (1563)            Bishop Jerome RagozonusThe Tridentine Index of Books (1564)  The Bloody Wars of Religion (1562-1648)  The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572):  “A Thousand Times More Terrible Than Death Itself”     The Duke of SullyThe Edict of Nantes (1598)   Chapter 13: “An Embarrassment of Riches”: The Interaction of New Worlds  Domination and Destruction  The Ottoman Empire of Turkey  Süleyman “The Lawgiver” and the Advantages of Islam    Ogier de BusbecqWomen In Ottoman Society                                                    Ogier de Busbecq  The Spanish Conquest of Mexico  The Aztec Encounter: “This Was Quetzalcoatl Who Had Come to Land”            Bernardino de SahagúnMontezuma: “We Shall Obey You and Hold You As Our God”       Hernando CortésHuman Sacrifice: “A Most Horrid and Abominable Custom”        Hernando CortésThe Destruction of Tenochtitlán: “And Their Mothers Raised a Cry of Weeping”            Bernardino de Sahagún“We Could No Longer Endure the Stench of Dead Bodies”                      Hernando CortésThe Devastation of Smallpox                        Bernardino de Sahagún  The Advantages of Empire  The Spanish Empire in America  The Extraction of Mercury               Antonio Vasquez de EspinosaThe Silver Mines of Potosí                Antonio Vasquez de EspinosaThe Barbarians of the New World: “They Are Slaves by Nature”            Juan Gines de Sepulveda  The Reflection in the Mirror: The “Black Legend” of Spain“They Slaughtered Anyone and Everyone”             Bartholomé de Las Casas  Visions of the New WorldUtopia                                       Thomas MoreOn Cannibals                           Michel de Montaigne